List of works - Stéphane Panserat

A comparative study of the metabolic response in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia to changes in dietary macronutrient composition

scientific article published on 24 July 2012

A reassessment of the carnivorous status of salmonids: Hepatic glucokinase is expressed in wild fish in Kerguelen Islands

scientific article

Acute endocrine and nutritional co-regulation of the hepatic omy-miRNA-122b and the lipogenic gene fas in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

scientific article

Acute rapamycin treatment improved glucose tolerance through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on 27 August 2014

Altered dietary carbohydrates significantly affect gene expression of the major glucosensing components in Brockmann bodies and hypothalamus of rainbow trout.

scientific article published on 6 August 2008

Amino Acids Attenuate Insulin Action on Gluconeogenesis and Promote Fatty Acid Biosynthesis via mTORC1 Signaling Pathway in trout Hepatocytes.

scientific article

An in vivo and in vitro assessment of TOR signaling cascade in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on 23 April 2008

An in vivo and in vitro assessment of autophagy-related gene expression in muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article

Apparent low ability of liver and muscle to adapt to variation of dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

article by Sandrine Skiba-Cassy et al published 6 September 2012 in British Journal of Nutrition

Characterization and comparison of fatty acyl Delta6 desaturase cDNAs from freshwater and marine teleost fish species.

scientific article published on October 2004

Cloning and nutritional regulation of a Delta6-desaturase-like enzyme in the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).

scientific article published on July 2003

Cloning and tissue distribution of a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published in May 2003

Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolic gene expressions between fat and lean lines of rainbow trout after a glucose load.

scientific article

DNA haplotype dependency of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) expression among extensive metabolisers

scientific article published on 01 October 1993

Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Interactions: Implications on Lipid and Glucose Absorption, Transport in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles

scientific article published on 29 March 2016

Dietary carbohydrate and lipid source affect cholesterol metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

scientific article

Dietary carbohydrate and lipid sources affect differently the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

scientific article published on 14 September 2015

Dietary carbohydrate-to-protein ratio affects TOR signaling and metabolism-related gene expression in the liver and muscle of rainbow trout after a single meal.

scientific article

Dietary methionine availability affects the main factors involved in muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on 30 May 2014

Early feeding of carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a hyperglucidic diet during a short period: effect on dietary glucose utilization in juveniles

scientific article published on 15 February 2007

Early feeding of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with methionine-deficient diet over a 2 week period: consequences for liver mitochondria in juveniles

scientific article published on 18 September 2019

Early feeding with hyperglucidic diet during fry stage exerts long-term positive effects on nutrient metabolism and growth performance in adult tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

scientific article published on 07 September 2020

Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout

scientific article published in January 2006

Effect of acute and chronic insulin administrations on major factors involved in the control of muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

scientific article published on 02 April 2011

Effect of normal and waxy maize starch on growth, food utilization and hepatic glucose metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles.

scientific article

Effect of partial substitution of dietary protein by a single gluconeogenic dispensable amino acid on hepatic glucose metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article

Effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oil blend on digestive enzymes and tissue histomorphology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles.

scientific article

Effects of insulin infusion on glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolism in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet.

scientific article published on December 2010

Effects of low protein intake on extra-hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and peripheral glucose phosphorylation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published in February 2005

Evolutionary history of glucose-6-phosphatase encoding genes in vertebrate lineages: towards a better understanding of the functions of multiple duplicates.

scientific article

Experimental evidence of population differences in reproductive investment conditional on environmental stochasticity

scientific article

Exposure to an acute hypoxic stimulus during early life affects the expression of glucose metabolism-related genes at first-feeding in trout.

scientific article

Feeding rainbow trout with a lipid-enriched diet: effects on fatty acid sensing, regulation of food intake and cellular signaling pathways

scientific article published on 18 June 2015

Food Shortage Causes Differential Effects on Body Composition and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Salmon Modified for Increased Growth Hormone Production

scientific article

Gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression is decreased by dietary carbohydrates in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

scientific article published on 01 November 2002

Glucose and lipid metabolism in the pancreas of rainbow trout is regulated at the molecular level by nutritional status and carbohydrate intake.

scientific article published on 22 December 2011

Glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet: metformin and insulin interact in a tissue-dependent manner.

scientific article

Glucose homeostasis is impaired by a paradoxical interaction between metformin and insulin in carnivorous rainbow trout.

scientific article published on 30 September 2009

Glucose metabolic gene expression in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon

scientific article

Glucose metabolism and gene expression in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) challenged with a high carbohydrate diet: effects of an acute glucose stimulus during late embryonic life.

scientific article

Glucose metabolism in fish: a review.

scientific article published on 05 April 2012

Glucose metabolism ontogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the light of the recently sequenced genome: new tools for intermediary metabolism programming

scientific article published on 8 January 2016

Glucose overload in yolk has little effect on the long-term modulation of carbohydrate metabolic genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

scientific article published on 20 December 2013

Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis is more responsive to protein than carbohydrate in rainbow trout during acute stimulations

scientific article published on 21 October 2015

Hepatic gene expression profiles in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed fishmeal or fish oil-free diets.

scientific article published on 28 April 2008

Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures.

scientific article published on 25 October 2007

Hepatic glucose metabolic responses to digestible dietary carbohydrates in two isogenic lines of rainbow trout.

scientific article published on 5 June 2018

Hepatic protein kinase B (Akt)-target of rapamycin (TOR)-signalling pathways and intermediary metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are not significantly affected by feeding plant-based diets

scientific article published on 10 August 2009

High dietary lipid level is associated with persistent hyperglycaemia and downregulation of muscle Akt-mTOR pathway in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis).

scientific article

High levels of dietary fat impair glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout

scientific article published on 01 January 2012

High or low dietary carbohydrate:protein ratios during first-feeding affect glucose metabolism and intestinal microbiota in juvenile rainbow trout

scientific article

Higher glycolytic capacities in muscle of carnivorous rainbow trout juveniles after high dietary carbohydrate stimulus at first feeding

scientific article published on 09 November 2019

How Tom Moon's research highlighted the question of glucose tolerance in carnivorous fish.

scientific article

Induction of glucokinase in chicken liver by dietary carbohydrates

scientific article published on 10 July 2008

Influence of Dietary Astaxanthin on the Hepatic Oxidative Stress Response Caused by Episodic Hyperoxia in Rainbow Trout

scientific article published on 06 December 2019

Insulin regulates lipid and glucose metabolism similarly in two lines of rainbow trout divergently selected for muscle fat content

scientific article published on 14 May 2014

Insulin regulates the expression of several metabolism-related genes in the liver and primary hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published in August 2008

Insulin stimulates lipogenesis and attenuates Beta-oxidation in white adipose tissue of fed rainbow trout

scientific article published on 15 January 2011

Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is co-ordinately regulated by liver and muscle during acute and chronic insulin stimulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published in May 2010

Integration of insulin and amino acid signals that regulate hepatic metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout: role of TOR.

scientific article published on 6 March 2010

L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-lysine are involved in the regulation of intermediary metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout hepatocytes

scientific article published on 24 November 2010

Lack of significant long-term effect of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

scientific article published on 01 January 2000

Liver and intestine oxidative status of gilthead sea bream fed vegetable oil and carbohydrate rich diets

Liver and muscle metabolic changes induced by dietary energy content and genetic selection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on 30 January 2008

Long-term feeding a plant-based diet devoid of marine ingredients strongly affects certain key metabolic enzymes in the rainbow trout liver.

scientific article published on 8 January 2016

Long-term programming effect of early hypoxia and high carbohydrate diet at first-feeding on glucose metabolism in rainbow trout juveniles.

scientific article

Looking at the metabolic consequences of the colchicine-based in vivo autophagic flux assay

scientific article

Macronutrient composition of the diet affects the feeding-mediated down regulation of autophagy in muscle of rainbow trout (O. mykiss).

scientific article

Metabolic consequences of microRNA-122 inhibition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

scientific article published on 27 January 2014

Metabolism and fatty acid profile in fat and lean rainbow trout lines fed with vegetable oil: effect of carbohydrates

scientific article

Metformin improves postprandial glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed dietary carbohydrates: a link with the induction of hepatic lipogenic capacities?

scientific article published on 24 June 2009

Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and sequence analysis of complete glucokinase cDNAs from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

scientific article published in March 2000

Molecular pathways associated with the nutritional programming of plant-based diet acceptance in rainbow trout following an early feeding exposure

scientific article

Molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in liver and muscle of rainbow trout subjected to acute and chronic insulin treatments

scientific article published on 2 February 2010

Muscle insulin binding and plasma levels in relation to liver glucokinase activity, glucose metabolism and dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout

scientific article published in January 2003

New insights into the nutritional regulation of gluconeogenesis in carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a gene duplication trail

scientific article

Nutritional regulation of glucokinase: a cross-species story.

scientific article published on 04 June 2014

Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish.

scientific article published on 14 September 2008

Ontogenetic expression of metabolic genes and microRNAs in rainbow trout alevins during the transition from the endogenous to the exogenous feeding period

scientific article published on 24 January 2013

Post-prandial regulation of hepatic glucokinase and lipogenesis requires the activation of TORC1 signalling in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on 12 September 2013

Postprandial kinetics of gene expression of proteins involved in the digestive process in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and impact of diet composition.

scientific article

Postprandial regulation of hepatic microRNAs predicted to target the insulin pathway in rainbow trout.

scientific article

Rainbow trout genetically selected for greater muscle fat content display increased activation of liver TOR signaling and lipogenic gene expression

scientific article published on 26 August 2009

Rapid metabolic adaptation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different carbohydrate sources after heat shock stress

scientific article published on 10 May 2006

Rearing temperature enhances hepatic glucokinase but not glucose-6-phosphatase activities in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed with the same level of glucose.

scientific article published on 23 April 2008

Reduced lipid intake leads to changes in digestive enzymes in the intestine but has minor effects on key enzymes of hepatic intermediary metabolism in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss).

scientific article published on October 2007

Regulation of de novo hepatic lipogenesis by insulin infusion in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet

scientific article published on 13 May 2011

Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by dietary carbohydrate levels and lipid sources in gilthead sea bream juveniles

scientific article published on 10 May 2016

Regulation of metabolism by dietary carbohydrates in two lines of rainbow trout divergently selected for muscle fat content

scientific article published on 01 August 2012

Remodelling of the hepatic epigenetic landscape of glucose-intolerant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by nutritional status and dietary carbohydrates

scientific article published on 26 August 2016

Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

scientific article published on 01 August 2006

Response of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism to a mixture or single fatty acids: Possible presence of fatty acid-sensing mechanisms.

scientific article

Roles of gender, age at onset and environmental risk in the frequency of CYP2D6-deficient alleles in patients with Parkinson's disease

scientific article published on 01 January 2002

Selection for high muscle fat in rainbow trout induces potentially higher chylomicron synthesis and PUFA biosynthesis in the intestine

scientific article published on 11 December 2012

The concentration of plasma metabolites varies throughout reproduction and affects offspring number in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta)

scholarly article by Zoé Gauthey published in June 2015

The metabolic consequences of hepatic AMP-kinase phosphorylation in rainbow trout

scientific article (publication date: 2011)

The positive impact of the early-feeding of a plant-based diet on its future acceptance and utilisation in rainbow trout

scientific article

The role of hepatic, renal and intestinal gluconeogenic enzymes in glucose homeostasis of juvenile rainbow trout

scientific article published on 8 January 2008

List of works by Stéphane Panserat

A comparative study of the metabolic response in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia to changes in dietary macronutrient composition

A reassessment of the carnivorous status of salmonids: Hepatic glucokinase is expressed in wild fish in Kerguelen Islands

Acute endocrine and nutritional co-regulation of the hepatic omy-miRNA-122b and the lipogenic gene fas in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Acute rapamycin treatment improved glucose tolerance through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Altered dietary carbohydrates significantly affect gene expression of the major glucosensing components in Brockmann bodies and hypothalamus of rainbow trout.

Amino Acids Attenuate Insulin Action on Gluconeogenesis and Promote Fatty Acid Biosynthesis via mTORC1 Signaling Pathway in trout Hepatocytes.

An in vivo and in vitro assessment of TOR signaling cascade in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

An in vivo and in vitro assessment of autophagy-related gene expression in muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Apparent low ability of liver and muscle to adapt to variation of dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Characterization and comparison of fatty acyl Delta6 desaturase cDNAs from freshwater and marine teleost fish species.

Cloning and nutritional regulation of a Delta6-desaturase-like enzyme in the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).

Cloning and tissue distribution of a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolic gene expressions between fat and lean lines of rainbow trout after a glucose load.

DNA haplotype dependency of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) expression among extensive metabolisers

Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Interactions: Implications on Lipid and Glucose Absorption, Transport in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles

Dietary carbohydrate and lipid source affect cholesterol metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

Dietary carbohydrate and lipid sources affect differently the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

Dietary carbohydrate-to-protein ratio affects TOR signaling and metabolism-related gene expression in the liver and muscle of rainbow trout after a single meal.

Dietary methionine availability affects the main factors involved in muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Early feeding of carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a hyperglucidic diet during a short period: effect on dietary glucose utilization in juveniles

Early feeding of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with methionine-deficient diet over a 2 week period: consequences for liver mitochondria in juveniles

Early feeding with hyperglucidic diet during fry stage exerts long-term positive effects on nutrient metabolism and growth performance in adult tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout

Effect of acute and chronic insulin administrations on major factors involved in the control of muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effect of normal and waxy maize starch on growth, food utilization and hepatic glucose metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles.

Effect of partial substitution of dietary protein by a single gluconeogenic dispensable amino acid on hepatic glucose metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oil blend on digestive enzymes and tissue histomorphology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles.

Effects of insulin infusion on glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolism in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet.

Effects of low protein intake on extra-hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and peripheral glucose phosphorylation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Evolutionary history of glucose-6-phosphatase encoding genes in vertebrate lineages: towards a better understanding of the functions of multiple duplicates.

Experimental evidence of population differences in reproductive investment conditional on environmental stochasticity

Exposure to an acute hypoxic stimulus during early life affects the expression of glucose metabolism-related genes at first-feeding in trout.

Feeding rainbow trout with a lipid-enriched diet: effects on fatty acid sensing, regulation of food intake and cellular signaling pathways

Food Shortage Causes Differential Effects on Body Composition and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Salmon Modified for Increased Growth Hormone Production

Gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression is decreased by dietary carbohydrates in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Glucose and lipid metabolism in the pancreas of rainbow trout is regulated at the molecular level by nutritional status and carbohydrate intake.

Glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet: metformin and insulin interact in a tissue-dependent manner.

Glucose homeostasis is impaired by a paradoxical interaction between metformin and insulin in carnivorous rainbow trout.

Glucose metabolic gene expression in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon

Glucose metabolism and gene expression in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) challenged with a high carbohydrate diet: effects of an acute glucose stimulus during late embryonic life.

Glucose metabolism in fish: a review.

Glucose metabolism ontogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the light of the recently sequenced genome: new tools for intermediary metabolism programming

Glucose overload in yolk has little effect on the long-term modulation of carbohydrate metabolic genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis is more responsive to protein than carbohydrate in rainbow trout during acute stimulations

Hepatic gene expression profiles in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed fishmeal or fish oil-free diets.

Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures.

Hepatic glucose metabolic responses to digestible dietary carbohydrates in two isogenic lines of rainbow trout.

Hepatic protein kinase B (Akt)-target of rapamycin (TOR)-signalling pathways and intermediary metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are not significantly affected by feeding plant-based diets

High dietary lipid level is associated with persistent hyperglycaemia and downregulation of muscle Akt-mTOR pathway in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis).

High levels of dietary fat impair glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout

High or low dietary carbohydrate:protein ratios during first-feeding affect glucose metabolism and intestinal microbiota in juvenile rainbow trout

Higher glycolytic capacities in muscle of carnivorous rainbow trout juveniles after high dietary carbohydrate stimulus at first feeding

How Tom Moon's research highlighted the question of glucose tolerance in carnivorous fish.

Induction of glucokinase in chicken liver by dietary carbohydrates

Influence of Dietary Astaxanthin on the Hepatic Oxidative Stress Response Caused by Episodic Hyperoxia in Rainbow Trout

Insulin regulates lipid and glucose metabolism similarly in two lines of rainbow trout divergently selected for muscle fat content

Insulin regulates the expression of several metabolism-related genes in the liver and primary hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Insulin stimulates lipogenesis and attenuates Beta-oxidation in white adipose tissue of fed rainbow trout

Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is co-ordinately regulated by liver and muscle during acute and chronic insulin stimulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Integration of insulin and amino acid signals that regulate hepatic metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout: role of TOR.

L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-lysine are involved in the regulation of intermediary metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout hepatocytes

Lack of significant long-term effect of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Liver and intestine oxidative status of gilthead sea bream fed vegetable oil and carbohydrate rich diets

Liver and muscle metabolic changes induced by dietary energy content and genetic selection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Long-term feeding a plant-based diet devoid of marine ingredients strongly affects certain key metabolic enzymes in the rainbow trout liver.

Long-term programming effect of early hypoxia and high carbohydrate diet at first-feeding on glucose metabolism in rainbow trout juveniles.

Looking at the metabolic consequences of the colchicine-based in vivo autophagic flux assay

Macronutrient composition of the diet affects the feeding-mediated down regulation of autophagy in muscle of rainbow trout (O. mykiss).

Metabolic consequences of microRNA-122 inhibition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Metabolism and fatty acid profile in fat and lean rainbow trout lines fed with vegetable oil: effect of carbohydrates

Metformin improves postprandial glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed dietary carbohydrates: a link with the induction of hepatic lipogenic capacities?

Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and sequence analysis of complete glucokinase cDNAs from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Molecular pathways associated with the nutritional programming of plant-based diet acceptance in rainbow trout following an early feeding exposure

Molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in liver and muscle of rainbow trout subjected to acute and chronic insulin treatments

Muscle insulin binding and plasma levels in relation to liver glucokinase activity, glucose metabolism and dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout

New insights into the nutritional regulation of gluconeogenesis in carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a gene duplication trail

Nutritional regulation of glucokinase: a cross-species story.

Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish.

Ontogenetic expression of metabolic genes and microRNAs in rainbow trout alevins during the transition from the endogenous to the exogenous feeding period