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List of works by Ralf Schulz

210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in Greenlandic seabirds and dose assessment

scientific article published on 07 January 2020

A blessing in disguise? Natural organic matter reduces the UV light-induced toxicity of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide

scientific article published on 25 January 2019

A combined microcosm and field approach to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of azinphosmethyl to stream communities

scientific article published in October 2002

A comparison of predicted and measured levels of runoff-related pesticide concentrations in small lowland streams on a landscape level

scientific article published in February 2005

A glance into the black box: Novel species-specific quantitative real-time PCR assays to disentangle aquatic hyphomycete community composition

scientific article published in 2019

A new sample preparation approach for the analysis of 98 current-use pesticides in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-MS/MS in combination with an acetonitrile-based extraction

scientific article published in 2023

A qualitative sampling method for monitoring water quality in temporary channels or point sources and its application to pesticide contamination

scientific article

A synthesis of anthropogenic stress effects on emergence-mediated aquatic-terrestrial linkages and riparian food webs

scientific article published in 2024

A temporal perspective on aquatic subsidy: Bti affects emergence of Chironomidae

scientific article published in 2023

Acute Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Five Veterinary Pharmaceuticals for Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

scientific article

Addendum to the article: Misuse of null hypothesis significance testing: Would estimation of positive and negative predictive values improve certainty of chemical risk assessment?

scientific article published on 30 October 2014

Aging of TiO2 Nanoparticles Transiently Increases Their Toxicity to the Pelagic Microcrustacean Daphnia magna

scientific article

Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale

scientific article published on 13 April 2015

An assessment of mercury and its dietary drivers in fur of Arctic wolves from Greenland and High Arctic Canada

scientific article published in 2022

An expert system to estimate the pesticide contamination of small streams using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators

article

An expert system to estimate the pesticide contamination of small streams using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators II. The knowledge base of LIMPACT

article

An indispensable asset at risk: merits and needs of chemicals-related environmental sciences.

scientific article published on 26 May 2009

Antibiotic mixture effects on growth of the leaf-shredding stream detritivore Gammarus fossarum

scientific article

Antibiotics as a chemical stressor affecting an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system

scientific article

Antiviral drugs in wastewater and surface waters: a new pharmaceutical class of environmental relevance?

scientific article published in March 2010

Applied pesticide toxicity shifts toward plants and invertebrates, even in GM crops

scientific article

Aquatic Exposure Predictions of Insecticide Field Concentrations Using a Multimedia Mass-Balance Model

scientific article

Aquatic pesticide exposure in the U.S. as a result of non-agricultural uses

scientific article published on 22 October 2019

Aquatic-terrestrial transfer of neonicotinoid insecticides in riparian food webs

scientific article published in 2023

Aquatic‐Terrestrial Insecticide Fluxes: Midges as Neonicotinoid Vectors

scientific article published in 2022

Are sediments a risk? An ecotoxicological assessment of sediments from a quarry pond of the Upper Rhine River

As above, so below? Effects of fungicides on microbial organic matter decomposition are stronger in the hyporheic than in the benthic zone

scientific article published in 2021

Assessing the effects of field-relevant pesticide mixtures for their compliance with the concentration addition model – An experimental approach with Daphnia magna

article

Assessing the influence of vegetation on reduction of pesticide concentration in experimental surface flow constructed wetlands: Application of the toxic units approach

scientific article published in 2011

Biological surface coating and molting inhibition as mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna

scientific article

Biotransformation of the antiviral drugs acyclovir and penciclovir in activated sludge treatment

scientific article

Bottom-up effects of fungicides on tadpoles of the European common frog (<i>Rana temporaria</i>)

scientific article published on 21 March 2021

Chronic effects of low insecticide concentrations on freshwater caddisfly larvae

scholarly article by Ralf Schulz & Mathias Liess published March 1995 in Hydrobiologia

Combined effect of UV-irradiation and TiO₂-nanoparticles on the predator-prey interaction of gammarids and mayfly nymphs

scientific article

Combined effect of invertebrate predation and sublethal pesticide exposure on the behavior and survival of Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea; Isopoda).

scientific article published on 6 January 2012

Combined effects of discharge, turbidity, and pesticides on mayfly behavior: experimental evaluation of spray-drift and runoff scenarios

scientific article published in June 2005

Compilation and analysis of global surface water concentrations for individual insecticide compounds

scientific article published on 26 May 2018

Compound-specific δ(13)C analyses reveal sterol metabolic constraints in an aquatic invertebrate

scientific article published in October 2015

Constructed wetlands support bats in agricultural landscapes

scientific article published in 2012

Crayfish plague agent detected in populations of the invasive North American crayfish Orconectes immunis (Hagen, 1870) in the Rhine River, Germany

article

Crayfish plague pathogen detected in the Danube Delta – a potential threat to freshwater biodiversity in southeastern Europe

scientific article published in 2012

Cryptic lineages--same but different?

scientific article

Cryptic species diversity: an overlooked factor in environmental management?

article

De Novo assembly and annotation of the freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus transcriptome.

scientific article

Detection of the endangered European weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) via water and sediment samples: Testing multiple eDNA workflows

scientific article published on 06 July 2020

Distribution of engineered Ag nanoparticles in the aquatic-terrestrial transition zone: a long-term indoor floodplain mesocosm study

scientific article published in 2021

Do differences in sensitivity between native and invasive amphipods explain their coexistence in Lake Constance? A case study with lambda-cyhalothrin

scientific article

Do titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce food depletion for filter feeding organisms? A case study with Daphnia magna

scientific article published on 4 May 2016

Does Waterborne Exposure Explain Effects Caused by Neonicotinoid-Contaminated Plant Material in Aquatic Systems?

scientific article

Does long-term fungicide exposure affect the reproductive performance of leaf-shredders? A partial life-cycle study using Hyalella azteca

scientific article published on 21 December 2016

Does the current fungicide risk assessment provide sufficient protection for key drivers in aquatic ecosystem functioning?

scientific article published in January 2015

Does the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles reduce copper toxicity? A factorial approach with the benthic amphipod Gammarus fossarum

scientific article

Ecdysteroid synthesis and imaginal disc development in the midge Chironomus riparius as biomarkers for endocrine effects of tributyltin

scientific article published in May 2002

Ecophysiological and life-history adaptations of Gammarus balcanicus (Schäferna, 1922) in a sinking-cave stream from Western Carpathians (Romania)

scientific article published on 30 January 2020

Ecotoxicologial evaluation of wastewater ozonation based on detritus-detritivore interactions

scientific article published in November 2010

Ecotoxicological evaluation of three tertiary wastewater treatment techniques via meta-analysis and feeding bioassays using Gammarus fossarum

article

Ecotoxicological impact of the fungicide tebuconazole on an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system

scientific article

Effect of Bt toxin Cry1Ab on two freshwater caddisfly shredders - an attempt to establish dose-effect relationships through food-spiking

scientific article published on 24 March 2020

Effects of a Systemic Pesticide Along an Aquatic Tri-Trophic Food Chain

scientific article published on 16 September 2019

Effects of copper in Daphnia are modulated by nanosized titanium dioxide and natural organic matter: what is the impact of aging duration?

scientific article published on 17 November 2020

Effects of municipal wastewater on aquatic ecosystem structure and function in the receiving stream

scientific article

Effects of nano-TiO2 in combination with ambient UV-irradiation on a leaf shredding amphipod

scholarly article by Mirco Bundschuh et al published November 2011 in Chemosphere

Effects of nanoparticles in fresh waters: risks, mechanisms and interactions

Effects of peak exposure scenarios on Gammarus fossarum using field relevant pesticide mixtures

scientific article published on 19 June 2013

Effects of pesticide toxicity, salinity and other environmental variables on selected ecosystem functions in streams and the relevance for ecosystem services

scientific article published on 29 July 2011

Effects of silver nanoparticle properties, media pH and dissolved organic matter on toxicity to Daphnia magna

scientific article

Effects of subchronic fungicide exposure on the energy processing of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda).

scientific article published on 14 August 2010

Emerging Midges Transport Pesticides from Aquatic to Terrestrial Ecosystems: Importance of Compound- and Organism-Specific Parameters

scientific article published on 20 April 2022

Environmental chemicals with known endocrine potential affect yolk protein content in the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius

scientific article published in January 2002

Environmental risk or benefit? Comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater treated with nano Fe0-based Carbo-Iron®

scientific article published on 26 April 2019

Erosion rills offset the efficacy of vegetated buffer strips to mitigate pesticide exposure in surface waters

scientific article published on 31 December 2015

Experiments in water-macrophyte systems to uncover the dynamics of pesticide mitigation processes in vegetated surface waters/streams

scientific article published on 03 September 2015

Exposure pathway dependent effects of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles on the benthic amphipod Gammarus fossarum

scientific article published on 29 April 2019

Exposure pathway-dependent effects of the fungicide epoxiconazole on a decomposer-detritivore system

scientific article published on 20 July 2016

Fate and effects of azinphos-methyl in a flow through wetland in South Africa

scientific article published in May 2003

Fungal composition on leaves explains pollutant-mediated indirect effects on amphipod feeding

scientific article

Fungal–fungal and fungal–bacterial interactions in aquatic decomposer communities: bacteria promote fungal diversity

scientific article published in 2021

Fungicide field concentrations exceed FOCUS surface water predictions: urgent need of model improvement

scientific article published on 12 December 2013

Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?

scientific article published on 18 March 2019

Genetic diversity and population structure of burbot<i>Lota lota</i>in Germany: Implications for conservation and management

scientific article published on 21 October 2019

Geodata-based probabilistic risk assessment and management of pesticides in Germany: a conceptual framework

scientific article published in January 2009

Global Insecticide Surface Water Contamination Assessment: BECT's Contribution in the Last Five Decades

scientific article published on 28 March 2016

Heavy metal uptake and toxicity in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a factorial approach using Daphnia magna

scientific article published on 3 June 2014

Herbicide-Induced Shifts in the Periphyton Community Composition Indirectly Affect Feeding Activity and Physiology of the Gastropod Grazer Physella acuta

scientific article

History Matters: Pre-Exposure to Wastewater Enhances Pesticide Toxicity in Invertebrates.

scientific article published on 6 July 2017

History matters: heterotrophic microbial community structure and function adapt to multiple stressors

scientific article

Impact across ecosystem boundaries – Does Bti application change quality and composition of the diet of riparian spiders?

scientific article published in 2023

Impact of chemical composition of ecotoxicological test media on the stability and aggregation status of silver nanoparticles

article

Impact of genetically modified organisms on aquatic environments: Review of available data for the risk assessment

scientific article published on 24 April 2018

In situ-based effects measures: determining the ecological relevance of measured responses.

scientific article published on April 2007

In-depth investigation of the species problem and taxonomic status of marbled crayfish, the first asexual decapod crustacean

article

Infochemicals influence neonicotinoid toxicity - impact in leaf consumption, growth and predation of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum

scientific article published on 15 June 2020

Inhibition of rainbow trout acetylcholinesterase by aqueous and suspended particle-associated organophosphorous insecticides

scientific article

Inorganic fungicides as routinely applied in organic and conventional agriculture can increase palatability but reduce microbial decomposition of leaf litter

article

Insecticide Risk in US Surface Waters: Drivers and Spatiotemporal Modeling

scientific article published on 26 September 2019

Invasive crayfish and crayfish plague on the move: first detection of the plague agent Aphanomyces astaci in the Romanian Danube.

scientific article published on February 2012

Invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) populations in North America are infected with the crayfish plague disease agent (Aphanomyces astaci)

scientific article

Is Hyalella azteca a Suitable Model Leaf-Shredding Benthic Crustacean for Testing the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Metals in Europe?

article

Linking land use variables and invertebrate taxon richness in small and medium-sized agricultural streams on a landscape level.

scientific article published in February 2005

Long-term effects of fungicides on leaf-associated microorganisms and shredder populations-an artificial stream study

scientific article published on 4 February 2017

Macroinvertebrate community structure in agricultural streams: impact of runoff-related pesticide contamination

scientific article published in January 2005

Mating Strategies of Invasive Versus Indigenous Crayfish: Multiple Paternity as a Driver for Invasion Success?

scientific article published in 2021

Mercury-contaminated sediments affect amphipod feeding

scientific article published on 6 July 2010

Meta-Analysis of Insecticides in United States Surface Waters: Status and Future Implications

scientific article published on 06 December 2018

Methyl parathion toxicity in vegetated and nonvegetated wetland mesocosms

scientific article published in June 2003

Misuse of null hypothesis significance testing: would estimation of positive and negative predictive values improve certainty of chemical risk assessment?

scientific article published on 28 April 2013

Mitigation of Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in Artificial Wetland Ecosystems – A Review

scholarly article published 2009

Mitigation of agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems

article

Mitigation of biocide and fungicide concentrations in flow-through vegetated stream mesocosms

scientific article published on November 2013

Mitigation of fungicide pollution in detention ponds and vegetated ditches within a vine-growing area in Germany

scientific article published in 2016

Modeling Remobilization of Neonicotinoid Residues from Tree Foliage in Streams-A Relevant Exposure Pathway in Risk Assessment?

scientific article published on 21 December 2016

Morphological characterization and genotyping of the marbled crayfish and new evidence on its origin

article

Multifaceted implications of the competition between native and invasive crayfish: a glimmer of hope for the native’s long-term survival

scientific article

Multiple Stressors in Aquatic Ecosystems: Sublethal Effects of Temperature, Dissolved Organic Matter, Light and a Neonicotinoid Insecticide on Gammarids

scientific article published on 08 July 2020

Nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna reproduction studies: The importance of test design

article

Nanoparticles in the environment: where do we come from, where do we go to?

scientific article published on 8 February 2018

Nanoparticles transported from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems via emerging aquatic insects compromise subsidy quality

scientific article published on 30 October 2019

Nanosized Titanium Dioxide Reduces Copper Toxicity—The Role of Organic Material and the Crystalline Phase

article

Nanosized titanium dioxide influences copper-induced toxicity during aging as a function of environmental conditions

scientific article published on 7 December 2015

Narrow pH Range of Surface Water Bodies Receiving Pesticide Input in Europe.

scientific article

Neonicotinoid insecticides in global agricultural surface waters – Exposure, risks and regulatory challenges

scientific article published in 2023

Occurrence of length polymorphism and heteroplasmy in brown trout

Oxidation of the antiviral drug acyclovir and its biodegradation product carboxy-acyclovir with ozone: kinetics and identification of oxidation products

scientific article

Oxidized Carbo-Iron causes reduced reproduction and lower tolerance of juveniles in the amphipod Hyalella azteca.

scientific article published on 2 November 2016

Ozonation of secondary treated wastewater reduces ecotoxicity to Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda): are loads of (micro)pollutants responsible?

scientific article

Palladium Nanoparticles: Is There a Risk for Aquatic Ecosystems?

scientific article

Pesticide authorization in the EU-environment unprotected?

scientific article published on 15 August 2015

Pesticide risk mitigation by vegetated treatment systems: a meta-analysis.

scientific article published on July 2011

Photoactive titanium dioxide nanoparticles modify heterotrophic microbial functioning

scientific article published in 2021

Photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles affect habitat selection of and food quality for a key species in the leaf litter decomposition process

scientific article

Phylogeography of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) reveals multiple refugia

Population response to ozone application in wastewater: an on-site microcosm study with Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda).

scientific article

Positive effects of wastewater ozonation displayed by in situ bioassays in the receiving stream

scientific article

Postgraduale Weiterbildung mit dem zertifizierten Abschluss Fachökotoxikologin/e GDCh/SETAC

scientific article published in 2006

Postgraduale Weiterbildung mit dem zertifizierten Abschluss Fachökotoxikologin/e GDCh/SETAC

scientific article published in 2005

Postgraduale Weiterbildung, Nachwuchsförderpreis 2005, Jahrestagung 2006 in Landau

scientific article published in 2005

Potential alteration of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies by an invasive aquatic macroinvertebrate: implications for the terrestrial food web

article

Predicting runoff-induced pesticide input in agricultural sub-catchment surface waters: linking catchment variables and contamination.

scientific article

Prioritizing stream types according to their potential risk to receive crop plant material--A GIS-based procedure to assist in the risk assessment of genetically modified crops and systemic insecticide residues

scientific article published on 11 January 2016

Probabilistic risk assessment of insecticide concentrations in agricultural surface waters: a critical appraisal

scientific article published on December 12, 2012

Procedure to select test organisms for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in aquatic systems

scientific article

Quantitative real-time PCR as a promising tool for the detection and quantification of leaf-associated fungal species - A proof-of-concept using Alatospora pulchella

scientific article

Quantity and quality of natural organic matter influence the ecotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

scientific article published on 8 August 2016

Reference scenarios for exposure to plant protection products and invertebrate communities in stream mesocosms

scientific article published on 31 December 2015

Regulatory FOCUS surface water models fail to predict insecticide concentrations in the field.

scientific article published on 25 July 2012

Relative importance of dietary uptake and waterborne exposure for a leaf-shredding amphipod exposed to thiacloprid-contaminated leaves.

scientific article

Resilience in ecotoxicology: Toward a multiple equilibrium concept

scientific article published on 11 May 2017

Response and recovery of the macrophytes Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllum spicatum following a pulse exposure to the herbicide iofensulfuron-sodium in outdoor stream mesocosms

scientific article published on 03 November 2016

Response to Comment on "Aquatic Exposure Predictions of Insecticide Field Concentrations Using a Multimedia Mass Balance Model".

scientific article published on 7 November 2016

Response to Comment on "Fungicide field concentrations exceed FOCUS surface water predictions: urgent need of model improvement"

scientific article published on 24 April 2014

Response to comment on "Regulatory FOCUS surface water models fail to predict insecticide concentrations in the field".

scientific article published on 28 December 2012

Response to comment on "regulatory focus surface water models fail to predict insecticide concentrations in the field".

scientific article

Retention of plant protection products (PPPs) by aquatic plants in flow-through systems

article

Review on environmental alterations propagating from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems

scientific article published on 22 August 2015

Role of submerged vegetation in the retention processes of three plant protection products in flow-through stream mesocosms.

scientific article published on 5 April 2014

Runoff of veterinary pharmaceuticals from arable and grassland—A comparison between predictions from model simulations and experimental studies

article

Runoff simulation with particle-associated azinphosmethyl in multispecies stream microcosms: implications for the field

scientific article published in August 2004

Runoff-related agricultural impact in relation to macroinvertebrate communities of the Lourens River, South Africa

scientific article published in July 2004

Scenario-based simulation of runoff-related pesticide entries into small streams on a landscape level

scientific article published in October 2005

Sediment toxicity in a connected oxbow lake of the Upper Rhine (Germany): EROD induction in fish cells

article

Size-, surface- and crystalline structure composition-related effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles during their aquatic life cycle

scientific article published on 7 July 2014

Spatial and dietary sources of elevated mercury exposure in white-tailed eagle nestlings in an Arctic freshwater environment

Structural and functional development of twelve newly established floodplain pond mesocosms

scientific article published in 2022

Structural and functional effects of a short-term pyrethroid pulse exposure on invertebrates in outdoor stream mesocosms

scientific article published on 18 August 2017

SystemLink: Moving beyond Aquatic–Terrestrial Interactions to Incorporate Food Web Studies

scientific article published in 2023

Temporal trends of legacy organochlorines in different white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) subpopulations: A retrospective investigation using archived feathers

scientific article published on 10 March 2020

Temporal trends of mercury differ across three northern white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) subpopulations

scientific article published on 04 June 2019

Test-plot studies on runoff of sulfonamides from manured soils after sprinkler irrigation

scientific article

The Effect of Water Hardness on Mortality of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) During Exposure to Oxytetracycline

scientific article published on 19 November 2015

The Fungicide Tebuconazole Confounds Concentrations of Molecular Biomarkers Estimating Fungal Biomass

scientific article published on 28 August 2020

The Landau Stream Mesocosm Facility: Pesticide Mitigation in Vegetated Flow-Through Streams

scientific article published on February 10, 2013

The dimension of biological change caused by autotriploidy: A meta-analysis with triploid crayfish Procambarus virginalis and its diploid parent Procambarus fallax

scientific article published in July 2019

The evil within? Systemic fungicide application in trees enhances litter quality for an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system

scientific article published on 06 June 2018

The functional and physiological status of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda) exposed to secondary treated wastewater

scientific article

The impact of climate sensitive factors on the exposure to organohalogenated contaminants in an aquatic bird exploiting both marine and freshwater habitats

scientific article published in 2022

The importance of diet-related effects of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the leaf-shredding invertebrate Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda)

scientific article published on 29 February 2020

The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals

scientific article

The oxidized state of the nanocomposite Carbo-Iron® causes no adverse effects on growth, survival and differential gene expression in zebrafish

scientific article published on 29 May 2015

The role of organic matrices in the fate of hydrophobic pesticides: An outdoor stream mesocosm study

scientific article published on 20 June 2020

The significance of entry routes as point and non-point sources of pesticides in small streams

scientific article published in February 2002

Three-dimensional analysis of the swimming behavior of Daphnia magna exposed to nanosized titanium dioxide

scientific article

Thresholds for the effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities and leaf breakdown in stream ecosystems

scientific article

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles detoxify pirimicarb under UV irradiation at ambient intensities

scientific article published on 27 January 2012

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase sensitivity in the next generation of the water flea Daphnia magna

scientific article published in 2012

Towards more ecological relevance in sediment toxicity testing with fish: Evaluation of multiple bioassays with embryos of the benthic weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis).

scientific article

Transient effects following peak exposures towards pesticides - An explanation for the unresponsiveness of in situ measured functional variables.

scientific article

Trophic Dynamics of Mercury in the Baltic Archipelago Sea Food Web: The Impact of Ecological and Ecophysiological Traits

scientific article published on 03 August 2022

Two is better than one: combining gut content and stable isotope analyses to infer trophic interactions between native and invasive species

scientific article published on 08 June 2019

Two-generation effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, teflubenzuron, on the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius

scientific article published on March 10, 2011

UV-irradiation and leaching in water reduce the toxicity of imidacloprid-contaminated leaves to the aquatic leaf-shredding amphipod Gammarus fossarum

scientific article published on 27 January 2018

Understanding the fate and biological effects of Ag- and TiO₂-nanoparticles in the environment: The quest for advanced analytics and interdisciplinary concepts

scientific article

Using stable isotope analysis in stream mesocosms to study potential effects of environmental chemicals on aquatic-terrestrial subsidies

scientific article published on 15 January 2015

Variability in ecosystem structure and functioning in a low order stream: Implications of land use and season

scientific article published on 24 August 2015

Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid-associated runoff

scientific article

Weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis) as a new species for toxicity testing?

scientific article

White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) Body Feathers Document Spatiotemporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Northern Environment

scientific article published on 10 October 2019