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List of works by Michael Balls

11. The analysis of direct inhumanity

scientific article published on 01 June 2014

14. On the proper application of appropriate statistical methods.

scientific article published in December 2014

15. Comparative substitution

scientific article published in March 2015

16. The Three Rs: the way forward

scientific article published on 01 May 2015

17. The Choice of Procedures

scientific article published on 01 July 2015

18. Rationalisation and intellectualisation.

scientific article published in September 2015

19. Russell and Burch after 1959.

scientific article published in November 2015

2. The Wages of Inhumanity ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 December 2012

20. On replacing the concept of Replacement

scientific article published on 01 December 2015

5. Refinement

scientific article published in July 2013

6. Replacement

scientific article published in September 2013

7. The factors governing progress

scientific article published in November 2013

8. UFAW and Major Charles Hume

scientific article published on 01 December 2013

9. The toxicity testing problem

scientific article published on 01 March 2014

A FRAME response to the Draft Report on Alternative (Non-animal) Methods for Cosmetics Testing: Current Status and Future Prospects--2010.

scientific article

A critical assessment of the European Commission's proposals for the risk assessment and registration of chemical substances in the European Union

scientific article published on 01 May 2003

A critical assessment of the European Commission's proposals for the risk assessment and registration of chemical substances in the European Union.

scientific article published on March 2006

A critical assessment of the scientific basis, and implementation, of regulations for the safety assessment and marketing of innovative tobacco-related products

scientific article

A message to the proponents of animal experimentation: the truth shall make you free

scientific article published in March 2015

A scientific and animal welfare assessment of the OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines for the safety testing of chemicals under the European Union REACH system

scientific article published on 01 September 2004

A scientific and animal welfare assessment of the OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines for the safety testing of chemicals under the European Union REACH system

scientific article published on 01 March 2006

ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals): Past, Present and Future ⬇️

scientific article published on December 1, 2010

Adult human stem cells and toxicity testing: realising the potential

scientific article published on 01 May 2010

Advocates of animal experimentation: what's in a name?

scientific article published on 01 September 2008

Alternative methods: servants of two masters.

scientific article

Alternatives to animal experimentation yesterday, today and tomorrow: some thoughts on leaving ECVAM.

scientific article published in January 2002

Alternatives to animal experiments: "Goodbye ECVAM, hello FRAME". European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments

scientific article published on 01 May 2002

Alternatives to animal experiments: producing the fruits

scientific article published on 01 July 2002

An analysis of the use of animal models in predicting human toxicology and drug safety.

scientific article published in June 2014

An analysis of the use of dogs in predicting human toxicology and drug safety.

scientific article

An assessment of progress in the use of alternatives in toxicity testing since the publication of the report of the second FRAME Toxicity Committee (1991)

scientific article

An overall strategy for the testing of chemicals for human hazard and risk assessment under the EU REACH system

scientific article published on 01 January 2003

An overall strategy for the testing of chemicals for human hazard and risk assessment under the EU REACH system.

scientific article published on March 2006

Animal Experimentation and the Labelling of Drugs ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 December 2011

Animal Experiments and Alternatives: Matters of Belief and Trust ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 July 2011

Animal experimentation and alternatives in the Age of Extremism

scientific article published on 01 September 2004

Animal experimentation and alternatives: revealed preferences

scientific article published on 01 March 2017

Animal experimentation and alternatives: time to say goodbye to the Three Rs and hello to humanity?

scientific article published in November 2014

Animal experimentation and the Three Rs: the need for hard heads and soft hearts and to confront the Three "I"s

scientific article published on 01 December 2007

Animal experimentation and the Three Rs: time for honest answers to some leading questions

scientific article published on 01 July 2009

Animal experimentation and the Three Rs: why truth matters

scientific article published on 01 October 2007

Animal experimentation as perceived by the citizens of Britain and France

scientific article published on 01 March 2003

Animal experimentation: Oh, when will they ever learn?

scientific article published in September 2016

Animal experimentation: should the three Rs be abandoned?

scientific article published in May 2006

Animal experimentation: the statistics speak for themselves.

scientific article

Animal experimentation: transparency and openness mean little, unless accompanied by honesty and accountability.

scientific article published in June 2014

Animal experimentation: weighing the benefits against the suffering

scientific article published on 01 December 2008

Animal experiments and the right to ask questions about them

scientific article published on 01 July 2017

Animal experiments: are there no limits?

scientific article published on 01 September 2002

Animal-human hybridisation: progressing down the slippery slope

scientific article published on 01 November 2008

Are animal tests inherently valid?

scientific article published on 01 June 2004

Ban on the Use of Great Apes as Laboratory Animals in the UK ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 May 2012

Botulinum toxin testing in animals: the questions remain unanswered

scientific article

Cancer resistance in amphibians.

scientific article published on October 2007

Chimpanzee medical experiments: moral, legal and scientific concerns

scientific article published on September 1, 1995

Comments on UK Options for Transposition of European Directive 2010/63/EU ⬇️

scientific article published on May 1, 2012

Comments on the House of Lords Select Committee proposal for the establishment of a Centre for the Three Rs

scientific article published on 01 January 2003

Comments on the report of the House of Lords Select Committee on Animals in Scientific Procedures

scientific article published on 01 November 2002

Comments on the sub-group reports of the EU Technical Expert Working Group on the revision of Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes

scientific article published on March 2007

Comparative studies of apoptosis in Xenopus laevis and mouse thymoma cell lines.

scientific article published on July 2013

Concerns that animal testing continues without scientific justification

scientific article published on 01 May 2016

Development of integrated testing strategies for REACH: motivation, background and introduction. Preface.

scientific article

ECVAM's Activities in Promoting the Three Rs in the Quality Control of Biologicals ⬇️

scientific article published on June 1, 2004

ECVAM's activities on biologicals

scientific article

ECVAM's contributions to the implementation of the Three Rs in the production and quality control of biologicals

scientific article

Early mammalian development

journal article; published in Nature, 1974-09

Electronic cigarettes: can dependable public health policies be developed and applied without relevant and reliable risk assessments?

scientific article published on 01 November 2018

Ethical issues in the production of human cell lines and stem cell lines ⬇️

scientific article published on March 1, 2012

European Experimental Animal Use Declines Ever So Slightly ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 December 2010

Every silver lining has a cloud: the scientific and animal welfare issues surrounding a new approach to the production of transgenic animals.

scientific article published in May 2014

Experiments on humans and animals: can the end justify the means?

scientific article published on 01 July 2008

FRAME and the Pharmaceutical Industry ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 December 2012

FRAME and the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: common recommendations for assessing risks posed by chemicals under the EU REACH system

scientific article published on 01 November 2003

FRAME and the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: common recommendations for assessing risks posed by chemicals under the EU REACH system

scientific article published on 01 March 2006

FRAME and the Three Rs: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 August 2010

FRAME and the validation process

scientific article published on December 2009

FRAME, animal experimentation and the Three Rs: past, present and future.

scientific article

FRAME, the Three Rs and the Russell Archive at the University of Nottingham.

scientific article

First thoughts on the effects on the protection of laboratory animals of the UK's departure from the European Union

scientific article published on 01 July 2016

Follow-up to the ECVAM prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation. The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods Skin Irritation Task Force report 2.

scientific article

Future improvements: replacement in vitro methods

scientific article

Golden cows and sacred geese: it's all Greek to me

scientific article published on 01 January 2003

Good Cell Culture Practice. ECVAM Good Cell Culture Practice Task Force Report 1

scientific article published on 01 July 2002

Guidance on good cell culture practice. a report of the second ECVAM task force on good cell culture practice

scientific article published on 01 June 2005

How much flexibility is possible when validating new in vivo and in vitro toxicity test methods?

scientific article published on 01 May 2003

How viable are alternatives to animal testing in determining the toxicities of therapeutic drugs?

scientific article published on 21 November 2019

Integrated Testing Strategies for Toxicity Employing New and Existing Technologies ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 July 2011

Intelligent testing strategies for chemicals testing -- a case of more haste, less speed?

scientific article published on 01 June 2005

It's Time to Reconsider The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique

scientific article published on 21 April 2020

Laboratory animal studies: poor design + faulty analysis = unnecessary suffering

scientific article published on September 1, 1994

Modern alternative approaches to the problem of drug-induced liver injury

scientific article published on 01 May 2011

Neuroimmunomodulation: Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immunity: The Effects of Noradrenaline inXenopus Laevis, the South African Clawed Toad

scholarly article by Richard H. Clothier et al published January 1991 in International Journal of Neuroscience

New technology for toxicity testing

scientific article published on 01 January 2012

On Challenging the Prevailing Dogma: Nobel Prizes and Pink Diamonds ⬇️

scientific article published on October 1, 2012

On facing up to risk and uncertainty in relation to animal and non-animal safety testing

scientific article published on 01 December 2006

On the safety of e-cigarettes: "I can resist anything except temptation"

scientific article published on 01 December 2015

Openness on animal research: the gauntlet has been thrown down

scientific article published on 01 September 2014

Opportunities for the government to actively promote the Three Rs during the UKs Presidency of the European Union (1 July to 31 December)

scientific article published on 01 August 2005

Organ culture

journal article; published in Nature, 1975-05

Organelle by organelle

journal article; published in Nature on 1975-11-01

Peer review and the Three Rs: A challenge to integrity?

scientific article published on 01 September 2015

Possibilities for a new approach to chemicals risk assessment -- the report of a FRAME workshop

scientific article published on 01 December 2006

Postponement of the EU ban on animal tests for cosmetic ingredients

scientific article published on 01 July 1997

Predicting human drug toxicity and safety via animal tests: can any one species predict drug toxicity in any other, and do monkeys help?

scientific article

Primates in medical research: the plot thickens

scientific article published on 01 June 2006

Progressing toward the reduction, refinement and replacement of laboratory animal procedures: thoughts on some encounters with Dr Iain Purchase

scientific article published on 01 April 2004

Putting replacement first

scientific article published on 01 June 2007

Questionable progress in the application of the Three Rs to improve science, human well-being and animal welfare

scientific article published on 01 May 2018

Recent efforts to elucidate the scientific validity of animal-based drug tests by the pharmaceutical industry, pro-testing lobby groups, and animal welfare organisations

scientific article published on 01 March 2019

Reducing animal testing: tests matter more than what is tested

scientific article published on November 1, 1997

Reducing toxicity tests on animals

scientific article published on December 14, 1991

Reduction

scientific article published on 01 May 2013

Replacing Animal Experimentation: On Creating the Puzzles to be Solved ⬇️

scientific article published on March 1, 2011

Replacing animal experimentation: not a question of if, but when, and by what route?

scientific article published on 01 March 2002

Replacing animal use in education and training

scientific article published on 01 July 2018

Replacing the animal testing of botulinum toxin: time to smooth out the wrinkles

scientific article published on 01 March 2010

Replacing, reducing and refining animal experiments: making sound progress, but must do better

scientific article published on 01 December 2009

Resistance to cancer in amphibians: a role for apoptosis?

scientific article

Richard Clothier: an appreciation

scientific article published in October 2007

Scandinavia and the replacement of in vivo toxicity tests: Some personal reflections. The 2015 Bjorn Ekwall Memorial Award Lecture.

scientific article

Scientific issues raised by the use of dogs as laboratory animals.

scientific article published in March 2016

Scientific procedures on living animals: proposals for reform of the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act.

scientific article

Some personal reminiscences of the long road to acceptance of the Three Rs.

scientific article published in September 2017

Some reflections on the Fourth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 11 through 15, 2002

scientific article published on 01 January 2003

Special Anniversary Volume- Issue 2: Refinement

scientific article published on 01 April 2009

Special anniversary volume - issue 5: replacement - focus on in silico methods

scientific article published on 01 November 2009

Special anniversary volume - issue 6: replacement - focus on the testing of chemicals and products. Preface

scientific article published on 01 December 2009

Special anniversary volume -- issue 4: replacement -- focus on the development of therapeutics. Preface

scientific article published on 01 September 2009

Statement of the scientific validity of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) -- an in Vitro test for embryotoxicity

scientific article published on 01 May 2002

Statement on the scientific validity of the mircromass test -- an in Vitro for embryotoxicity

scientific article published on 01 May 2002

Statement on the scientific validity of the postimplantation rat whole-embryo culture assay -- an in vitro test for embryotoxicity

scientific article published on 01 May 2002

The Availability of Human Tissue for Biomedical Research: The Report and Recommendations of the ECVAM Workshop 32

scientific article published on 01 November 1998

The Conflict over Animal Experimentation: Is the Field of Battle Changing? ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 September 2012

The Declaration on Openness on Animal Research ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 December 2012

The EU REACH system: opportunities and threats

scientific article published on 01 March 2006

The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept

scientific article published on 01 November 2019

The European Citizens' Stop Vivisection Initiative

scientific article published on 01 July 2015

The FRAME alternatives laboratory database. 1. In vitro basal cytotoxicity determined by the Kenacid blue total protein assay

scientific article published on May 2006

The OECD health effects test guidelines: a challenge to the sincerity of commitment to the Three Rs.

scientific article published in March 2006

The OECD health effects test guidelines: a challenge to the sincerity of commitment to the three Rs.

scientific article published in February 2006

The Precautionary Principle Should be Used with Caution — and Should be Applied to Animal Experimentation and Genetic Manipulation, Not Merely to Protection of the Environment ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 January 1999

The Third FRAME Toxicity Committee: Working toward Greater Implementation of Alternatives in Toxicity Testing ⬇️

scientific article published on June 1, 2004

The Three Rs--opportunities for improving animal welfare and the quality of scientific research

scientific article published on September 2014

The Three Rs. Preface

scientific article published on 01 July 2009

The UK National Centre for the Three Rs: pathway to progress or mere fig leaf?

scientific article published on 01 June 2004

The Use of Integrated and Intelligent Testing Strategies in the Prediction of Toxic Hazard and in Risk Assessment ⬇️

scientific article published on January 1, 2012

The Use of Transgenic Animals in the European Union: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 28

scientific article published on January 1, 1998

The dependence of the happiness of superstar scientists on the freedom to conduct animal experiments.

scientific article published in October 2005

The establishment of ECVAM and its progress since 1993.

scientific article

The future of ECVAM: a personal perspective.

scientific article

The future of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain: please don't build the Cambridge laboratory!

scientific article published in December 2003

The increasing use of genetically-altered animals threatens the credibility of Directive 2010/63/EU

scientific article published on 01 July 2013

The international transport of laboratory animals: no excuse for biased extremism of any kind.

scientific article published in July 2012

The labelling of all medicinal products as Dependent on Animal Research would be a minefield to be avoided at all costs.

scientific article published in November 2013

The long-term organ culture of tissues from adult Necturus maculosus, the mud puppy

scientific article published on 01 March 1975

The need for a formal invalidation process for animal and non-animal tests

scientific article published on 01 June 2005

The need for recommitment to the Three Rs and to serving together in the middle ground

scientific article published on 01 March 2004

The origins and early days of the Three Rs concept

scientific article

The principles of validation and the ECVAM validation process

scientific article published on 01 June 2004

The principles of validation and the ECVAM validation process.

scientific article

The principles of weight of evidence validation of test methods and testing strategies. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 58.

scientific article published on December 2006

The production of admixed animal-human embryos: is it necessary, or merely desirable?

scientific article published in May 2008

The production of genetically modified animals and humans: an inescapable moral challenge to scientists and laypeople alike

scientific article published on 01 January 1998

The replacement of animal tests: the end of the road or the beginning of harvest-time?

scientific article published on 01 March 1997

The three Rs and animal experimentation - documented signs of advancement, or of stagnation?

scientific article published on 01 September 2011

The three Rs: looking back ... and forward

scientific article

The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11

scientific article published on November 1, 1995

The use of lower organisms.

scientific article

The use of non-human primates in biological and medical research: evidence submitted by FRAME to the Academy of Medical Sciences/Medical Research Council/Royal Society/Wellcome Trust Working Group.

scientific article published in October 2005

The use of non-human primates in regulatory toxicology: comments submitted by FRAME to the Home Office

scientific article published on 01 October 2005

The way forward for reproductive/developmental toxicity testing.

scientific article published in December 2008

The wisdom of Russell and Burch. 3. Fidelity and discrimination

scientific article

Time for real action on chimpanzees and other hominids

scientific article published in May 2007

Time to reform toxic tests

scientific article published on 01 May 1992

To be credible, success in "reducing the use of animals in scientific research" must involve the use of fewer animals

scientific article published on 01 May 2015

Toxicity Testing: The Need for New Maps for the Future ⬇️

scientific article published on October 1, 2011

Toxicity testing: creating a revolution based on new technologies

scientific article

Translation of New Technologies in Biomedicines: Shaping the Road from Basic Research to Drug Development and Clinical Application-and Back Again

article

Translation of new technologies: from basic research to drug discovery and development

scientific article published on September 2008

Transparency and public accountability on the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals needs actions, as well as words

scientific article published in September 2013

Use of transgenic animals in the European Union

scientific article

Validation at a crossroads

scientific article published on 01 June 2005

What price vanity? No end in sight for the cosmetics testing saga

scientific article published on 01 September 2003

When using animal tests or alternative methods, we are also testing ourselves.

scientific article published in May 2013

Where does iPS Cell Technology Leave the Promoters of the Creation and Use of Admixed Animal–Human Embryos? ⬇️

scientific article published on 01 October 2012

Why are validated alternatives not being used to replace animal tests?

scientific article published on 01 March 2018

Wider recommendations for institutions made in the Brown Report following the BUAV investigation into the use of animals at Imperial College London

scientific article

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