List of works by Pak Leung Ho

A Novel Risk Factor Associated With Colonization by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Addition to Antimicrobial Treatment.

scientific article

A Novel Selective Medium for Isolation of Bacteroides fragilis from Clinical Specimens.

scientific article published on 16 November 2016

A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 31 March 2003

A novel incompatibility group X3 plasmid carrying bla NDM-1 encodes a small RNA that regulates host fucose metabolism and biofilm formation

scientific article published on 28 June 2020

Advantages of using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as a rapid diagnostic tool for identification of yeasts and mycobacteria in the clinical microbiological laboratory

scientific article

An IncX3 epidemic plasmid carrying blaNDM-5 in Escherichia coli from swine in multiple geographic areas in China

scientific article published on 8 January 2018

Antibiotic prescriptions by medical interns in Hong Kong: influence of the hospital settings and prescription culture

scientific article published on 26 August 2020

Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii.

scientific article published on October 2009

Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause acute uncomplicated cystitis in women in Hong Kong: a prospective multicenter study in 2006 to 2008.

scientific article published on 15 May 2009

Antimicrobial stewardship program directed at broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics prescription in a tertiary hospital.

scientific article published in September 2009

Application of a multiplex pbp2b and pbp2x PCR for prediction of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

scientific article

Are There Differences in Antibiotic Use Between the Recent-Immigrants from Mainland China and the Local-Born in Hong Kong?

scientific article published on August 2015

Aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients.

scientific article

Assessment of antigen and molecular tests with serial specimens from a patient with influenza A(H7N9) infection.

scientific article published on 26 March 2014

Azithromycin treatment failure in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

scientific article published on October 2010

Bismuth antimicrobial drugs serve as broad-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors.

scientific article

Candida tropicalis fungaemia in adult patients with haematological malignancies: clinical features and risk factors.

scientific article

Carriage niches and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus lugdunensis and methicillin-resistant S. lugdunensis among patients undergoing long-term renal replacement therapy.

scientific article published on 28 November 2014

Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci before and after intensive care unit admission.

scientific article published in April 2003

Carriage of meticillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus by medical students in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Changes in nasopharyngeal carriage and serotype distribution of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 14 October 2011

Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with spread of the ST45 lineage in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Changing patterns of susceptibilities of blood, urinary and respiratory pathogens in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Characterization of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from a healthcare region in Hong Kong

scientific article

Ciliary central microtubular orientation is of no clinical significance in bronchiectasis

scientific article

Clinical outcome of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli bacteremia in an area with high endemicity.

scientific article published on 23 October 2012

Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal infections in an area with high resistance.

scientific article published in May 2006

Clonal diversity of CTX-M-producing, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from rodents.

scientific article published on February 2015

Clonal diversity of Escherichia coli isolates carrying plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene fosA3 from livestock and other animals.

scientific article published on 30 June 2014

Cloning and characterization of a chromosomal class C beta-lactamase and its regulatory gene in Laribacter hongkongensis.

scientific article

Clostridium difficile isolates with increased sporulation: emergence of PCR ribotype 002 in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 arrives in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 22 May 2009

Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carrying the mcr-1 Gene among Patients in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on September 2016

Community emergence of CTX-M type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among urinary Escherichia coli from women.

scientific article published on 11 May 2007

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Clonally Related Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing

scientific article

Comparison of T-Spot.TB and tuberculin skin test among silicotic patients

scientific article published on 24 October 2007

Comparison of a novel, inhibitor-potentiated disc-diffusion test with other methods for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

scientific article published on 01 July 1998

Complete sequence of an IncN plasmid, pIMP-HZ1, carrying blaIMP-4 in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain associated with medical travel to China.

scientific article published on 28 December 2012

Complete sequence of the multidrug-resistant IncL/M plasmid pIMP-HB623 Cocarrying bla IMP-34 and fosC2 in an Enterobacter cloacae strain associated with medical travel to China.

scientific article published on 22 June 2015

Construction of a Multiplex Promoter Reporter Platform to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Gene Expression and the Identification of Usnic Acid as a Potent Suppressor of psm Gene Expression

scientific article published on 30 August 2016

Containment of Clostridium difficile infection without reduction in antimicrobial use in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 24 March 2015

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Streptococcus bovis

scientific article published on 24 June 2003

Control of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: Beyond the Hospital

scientific article published on 01 December 2018

Control of hospital endemicity of multiple-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST457 with directly observed hand hygiene

scientific article published on 21 November 2014

Control of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Hong Kong: Role of environmental surveillance in communal areas after a hospital outbreak

scientific article published on 8 September 2017

Corrigendum to "Carriage niches and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus lugdunensis and methicillin-resistant S. lugdunensis among patients undergoing long-term renal replacement therapy". Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 81(2015)

scientific article published on 14 July 2016

Decolonization of gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: case series and review of literature

scientific article

Decreasing prevalence of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong, 2001 to 2007.

scientific article published on 13 February 2009

Detection and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among bloodstream isolates of Enterobacter spp. in Hong Kong, 2000-2002.

scientific article

Detection of community-associated MRSA as a result of the unmasking effect of antibiotic treatment

scientific article published on 14 May 2009

Determination of the mutant-prevention concentration of imipenem for the two imipenem-susceptible Bacteroides fragilis strains, Q1F2 (cfiA-positive) and ATCC 25282 (cfiA-negative).

scientific article

Diagnostic evaluation of an in-house developed single-tube, duplex, nested IS6110 real-time PCR assay for rapid pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis

scientific article published on 22 August 2018

Direct Detection of Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Use of pncA PCR Sequencing

scientific article published on 26 July 2019

Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug resistance in respiratory specimen using Abbott Realtime MTB detection and RIF/INH resistance assay.

scientific article published in July 2017

Direct detection of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory specimens by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction

scientific article published on 01 January 2011

Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection

scientific article published on 01 July 2005

Dissemination of pHK01-like incompatibility group IncFII plasmids encoding CTX-M-14 in Escherichia coli from human and animal sources.

scientific article published on 11 February 2012

Dissemination of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance fosA3 among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and other animals.

scientific article published on 27 December 2012

Distinctive patterns of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance phenotypes and determinants amongst Staphylococcus aureus populations in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 15 December 2010

Effect of antibiotics on the bacterial load of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in anterior nares.

scientific article published on 16 July 2008

Effect of applying the new CLSI imipenem susceptibility breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 03 August 2011

Effect of applying the new Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ceftazidime and ceftriaxone susceptibility breakpoints for Escherichia coli in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 11 January 2011

Effects of chelators (deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox) on the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients.

scientific article

Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Nursing Homes With High Background Rates of MRSA Colonization

scientific article published on 25 April 2016

Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 with KPC-2 in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 12 February 2011

Emergence of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Hong Kong Is Linked to Increasing Macrolide Resistance in Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Type 4-5-7-2.

scientific article

Emergence of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in China

scientific article published on 21 March 2012

Emergence of ileS2-Carrying, Multidrug-Resistant Plasmids in Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

scientific article published on 8 August 2016

Epidemiologic analysis of invasive and noninvasive group a streptococcal isolates in Hong Kong

scientific article

Epidemiology and genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in residential care homes for elderly persons in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 19 April 2007

Escherichia coli O25b-ST131 is an important cause of antimicrobial-resistant infections in women with uncomplicated cystitis.

scientific article published on 22 June 2012

Escherichia coli producing CTX-M beta-lactamases in food animals in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Estimation of bacterial risk in extending the shelf life of PLT concentrates from 5 to 7 days

scientific article published on 01 August 2003

Evaluation of disc diffusion tests and agar screening for predicting mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus lugdunensis revealed a cefoxitin-susceptible, mecA-positive S. lugdunensis clonal complex 27 clone

scientific article published on 04 September 2019

Excess hospital admissions for pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure during influenza seasons in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli mainly adds to, rather than replaces, extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-negative E. coli in causing bacteraemia in Hong Kong, 2000-10.

scientific article

Extensive dissemination of CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli with multidrug resistance to 'critically important' antibiotics among food animals in Hong Kong, 2008-10.

scientific article

Fecal carriage of CTXM type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms by children and their household contacts

scientific article published on 08 February 2010

Fine-tuning carbapenem resistance by reducing porin permeability of bacteria activated in the selection process of conjugation

scientific article published in Scientific Reports

Fulminant Community-Acquired Acinetobacter baumannii Pneumonia as a Distinct Clinical Syndrome

scientific article published on 01 January 2006

Fungal endocarditis in bone marrow transplantation: case report and review of literature

scientific article published on 01 November 1998

Gastrointestinal colonization with multiple New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in the same patient: a potential challenge in outbreak investigation.

scientific article published on 3 November 2015

Genetic identity of aminoglycoside-resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from human and animal sources

scientific article published on 25 February 2010

Genomic investigation of a sequence type 67 Clostridium difficile causing community-acquired fulminant colitis in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 11 May 2019

Global Distribution of Invasive Serotype 35D Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates following Introduction of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.

scientific article

Global emergence and population dynamics of divergent serotype 3 CC180 pneumococci

scientific article published on 26 November 2018

HIV-1 trans-activator protein dysregulates IFN-γ signaling and contributes to the suppression of autophagy induction

scientific article published on 01 January 2011

Herpes simplexencephalitis in multiple myeloma

scientific article published in June 1999

High burden of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli in geriatric patients.

scientific article published on 10 April 2014

High prevalence of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 among antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates from geriatric patients.

scientific article published on 13 January 2015

Highly conjugative IncX4 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals.

scientific article published on 4 March 2014

How far droplets can move in indoor environments--revisiting the Wells evaporation-falling curve.

scientific article published in June 2007

How quickly can conventional organism identification deliver reports for positive blood cultures in real life?

scientific article published on 21 February 2014

Identification and characterization of a novel incompatibility group X3 plasmid carrying bla NDM-1 in Enterobacteriaceae isolates with epidemiological links to multiple geographical areas in China.

scientific article published on 7 November 2012

Identification of Plasmid-Encoded sRNAs in a blaNDM-1-Harboring Multidrug-Resistance Plasmid pNDM-HK in Enterobacteriaceae.

scientific article published on 27 March 2018

Impact of donor arm skin disinfection on the bacterial contamination rate of platelet concentrates.

scientific article

Impact of intraobserver and interobserver variation on performance of the CLSI Carba NP assay for carbapenemase detection in Enterobacteriaceae.

scientific article

IncN ST7 epidemic plasmid carrying blaIMP-4 in Enterobacteriaceae isolates with epidemiological links to multiple geographical areas in China.

scientific article published on 8 September 2016

Increase in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by serotype 3 in children eight years after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 05 October 2018

Infection control preparedness for human infection with influenza A H7N9 in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Interdiction of a blood donation containing varicella-zoster virus by donor self-report of chickenpox.

scientific article published on 23 September 2012

International genomic definition of pneumococcal lineages, to contextualise disease, antibiotic resistance and vaccine impact

scientific article published on 16 April 2019

Introduction of an electronic monitoring system for monitoring compliance with Moments 1 and 4 of the WHO "My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene" methodology

scientific article

Invasive pneumococcal disease burden in Hong Kong children

scientific article published on 01 May 2006

Isolated splenic tuberculosis presenting with pyrexia of unknown origin.

scientific article published on January 2000

Klebsiella pneumoniae Necrotizing Fasciitis Associated with Diabetes and Liver Cirrhosis

scientific article published on 01 June 2000

Long-term clinical outcomes after Streptococcus bovis isolation in asymptomatic blood donors in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 24 January 2013

MRSA spa t1081, a highly transmissible strain endemic to Hong Kong, China, in the Netherlands.

scientific article published on June 2015

Minimal intervention for controlling nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in resource limited setting with high endemicity

scientific article

Molecular epidemiology and household transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residential care homes for the elderly in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Monitoring the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis by nested polymerase chain reaction assay

scientific article published on 01 January 1997

Mortality burden of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on November 2009

Multiple brain abscesses in a patient with bilateral pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and immunoglobulin deficiency

scientific article published on October 1, 2003

Mutations outside the rifampicin resistance-determining region associated with rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

scientific article

Nasopharyngeal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among young children attending 79 kindergartens and day care centers in Hong Kong.

scientific article

Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Chinese hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients.

scientific article published in October 2003

Novel selective medium for isolation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis from wound specimens

scientific article published on 23 April 2014

OMMA enables population-scale analysis of complex genomic features and phylogenomic relationships from nanochannel-based optical maps

scientific article published on 01 July 2019

Occurrence of Highly Conjugative IncX3 Epidemic Plasmid Carrying in Isolates in Geographically Widespread Areas

scientific article published on 20 September 2018

Outbreak of intestinal infection due to Rhizopus microsporus.

scientific article published on 29 July 2009

Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive MRSA, Shanghai.

scientific article published on April 2010

Performance of the VITEK MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for rapid bacterial identification in two diagnostic centres in China.

scientific article

Performance of the new automated Abbott RealTime MTB assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens.

scientific article published on 13 June 2015

Plasmid-Mediated OqxAB Is an Important Mechanism for Nitrofurantoin Resistance in Escherichia coli

scientific article

Plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from pig.

scientific article published on 29 September 2012

Poor agreement between diagnostic tests for latent tuberculosis infection among HIV-infected persons in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 28 April 2016

Population-based hospitalization incidence of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than 5 years of age.

scientific article published on 3 September 2014

Population-based incidence of community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization in Hong Kong children younger than 5 years before universal conjugate pneumococcal immunization.

scientific article published on 25 July 2014

Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of disseminated pyomyositis due to PVL-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

scientific article published on 11 June 2012

Predominance of pHK01-like incompatibility group FII plasmids encoding CTX-M-14 among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Hong Kong, 1996-2008.

scientific article published on 20 April 2012

Prevalence and characterization of hybrid blaCTX-M among Escherichia coli isolates from livestock and other animals.

scientific article published on 24 February 2015

Prevalence of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme and 16S ribosomal RNA methylase genes among aminoglycoside-resistant Escherichia coli isolates.

scientific article published on November 2014

Prevention of acute myocardial infarction and stroke among elderly persons by dual pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: a prospective cohort study.

scientific article published in November 2010

Prevention of nosocomial transmission of influenza A (H7N9) in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 15 May 2015

Prevention of nosocomial transmission of swine-origin pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1 by infection control bundle.

scientific article

Proactive infection control measures to prevent nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 3 May 2014

Production of 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one by Staphylococcus aureus causes false-positive results in β-galactosidase assays.

scientific article published on 12 September 2012

Rapid Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Enterobacteriaceae by Use of a Modified Paper Strip Carba NP Method

scientific article published on 25 October 2017

Rapid detection of cfiA metallo-β-lactamase-producing Bacteroides fragilis by the combination of MALDI-TOF MS and CarbaNP.

scientific article

Rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis

scientific article published on 24 November 2009

Rare occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium among livestock animals in China

scientific article published on 19 July 2013

Resensitizing carbapenem- and colistin-resistant bacteria to antibiotics using auranofin

scientific article published on 16 October 2020

Retrospective review of clinical presentations, microbiology, and outcomes of patients with psoas abscess.

scientific article published on 22 April 2013

Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 23 February 2012

Role of Hand Hygiene Ambassador and Implementation of Directly Observed Hand Hygiene Among Residents in Residential Care Homes for the Elderly in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 27 February 2018

SARS: hospital infection control and admission strategies.

scientific article published on November 2003

Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake among Chinese in Hong Kong: barriers, enablers and vaccination rates

scientific article published on 24 January 2020

Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nasopharyngeal and invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Hong Kong children.

scientific article published in September 2004

Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Hong Kong, 1995-2009

scientific article published on 23 February 2011

Severe macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated with macrolide failure.

scientific article published on 11 November 2014

Strategic measures for the control of surging antimicrobial resistance in Hong Kong and mainland of China

scientific article

Streptococcus gallolyticus bacteremia and colorectal carcinoma

scientific article published on 10 October 2018

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A bacteremia in a child fully immunized with 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

scientific article published on 31 October 2013

Structures of SCCmec elements in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus lugdunensis are closely related to those harboured by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

scientific article published on 01 September 2019

Successful control of emerging vancomycin-resistant enterococci by territory-wide implementation of directly observed hand hygiene in patients in Hong Kong.

scientific article published on 10 June 2016

Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus virulence by a small-molecule compound.

scientific article

Susceptibility patterns of clinical and fish isolates of Laribacter hongkongensis: comparison of the Etest, disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods.

scientific article published on 6 February 2009

T-Spot.TB outperforms tuberculin skin test in predicting development of active tuberculosis among household contacts.

scientific article published on 17 February 2015

T-Spot.TB outperforms tuberculin skin test in predicting tuberculosis disease.

scientific article published on 27 May 2010

The CTX-M-14 plasmid pHK01 encodes novel small RNAs and influences host growth and motility.

scientific article published on July 2017

The prevalence and characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates expressing serotypes 6C and 6D in Hong Kong prior to the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

scientific article published on 01 December 2010

Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the long term care facilities in Hong Kong

scientific article

Two cases of fatal strongyloidiasis in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 01 August 1997

Two probable cases of serious drug interaction between clarithromycin and colchicine.

scientific article

Use of fluoroquinolones is the single most important risk factor for the high bacterial load in patients with nasal and gastrointestinal colonization by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

scientific article published on 15 September 2015

Using biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles to capture gram-negative bacteria at an ultra-low concentration.

scientific article published in August 2003

Using β-Lactamase to Trigger Supramolecular Hydrogelation

scientific article published on 01 January 2007

Value of anaerobic culture in bacterial surveillance program for platelet concentrates.

scientific article published on 6 August 2008

Whole-genome sequencing data-based modeling for the investigation of an outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit in Hong Kong

scientific article published on 24 January 2019

beta-lactamases in Shigella flexneri isolates from Hong Kong and Shanghai and a novel OXA-1-like beta-lactamase, OXA-30.

scientific article published in August 2000

groEL encodes a highly antigenic protein in Burkholderia pseudomallei.

scientific article

pIMP-PH114 carrying bla IMP-4 in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain is closely related to other multidrug-resistant IncA/C2 plasmids

scientific article published on 01 February 2014