List of works - Jie Zheng

A Novel Design of Multi-Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels.

scientific article published on 15 March 2017

A computational study of self-assembled hexapeptide inhibitors against amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation

scientific article published on 8 December 2016

A robust, one-pot synthesis of highly mechanical and recoverable double network hydrogels using thermoreversible sol-gel polysaccharide.

scientific article published on 14 June 2013

A systematic SPR study of human plasma protein adsorption behavior on the controlled surface packing of self-assembled poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer surfaces.

scientific article published in April 2010

Ac-LVFFARK-NH2 conjugation to β-cyclodextrin exhibits significantly enhanced performance on inhibiting amyloid β-protein fibrillogenesis and cytotoxicity.

scientific article published on 11 February 2018

Achieving highly effective nonfouling performance for surface-grafted poly(HPMA) via atom-transfer radical polymerization.

scientific article published on 13 October 2010

Alzheimer Aβ1−42Monomer Adsorbed on the Self-Assembled Monolayers

scientific article published on 01 August 2010

An NMR investigation on the phase structure and molecular mobility of the novel exfoliated polyethylene/palygorskite nanocomposites

article

An index for characterization of natural and non-natural amino acids for peptidomimetics

scientific article

Annular structures as intermediates in fibril formation of Alzheimer Abeta17-42

scientific article published on 06 May 2008

Atomic elucidation of the cyclodextrin effects on DDT solubility and biodegradation

scientific article published on 15 June 2016

Atomic-scale simulations confirm that soluble beta-sheet-rich peptide self-assemblies provide amyloid mimics presenting similar conformational properties

scientific article

Beta2-microglobulin amyloid fragment organization and morphology and its comparison to Abeta suggests that amyloid aggregation pathways are sequence specific

scientific article

Ca(2+) Interacts with Glu-22 of Aβ(1-42) and Phospholipid Bilayers to Accelerate the Aβ(1-42) Aggregation Below the Critical Micelle Concentration

scientific article

Carbon monoxide in controlling the surface formation of Group VIII metal nanoparticles.

scientific article published in November 2014

Changing the charge distribution of beta-helical-based nanostructures can provide the conditions for charge transfer

scientific article published on 6 April 2007

Cholesterol promotes the interaction of Alzheimer β-amyloid monomer with lipid bilayer.

scientific article published on 15 November 2011

Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of Aβ Adsorption on the Self-Assembled Monolayers

article

Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) and Rat IAPP Oligomers

article

Comparative Study of Graphene Hydrogels and Aerogels Reveals the Important Role of Buried Water in Pollutant Adsorption

scientific article

Comparative Study of Heparin-Poloxamer Hydrogel Modified bFGF and aFGF for in Vivo Wound Healing Efficiency

scientific article published on 6 July 2016

Computational Investigation of Antifouling Property of Polyacrylamide Brushes

scientific article published on 11 March 2020

Concepts and schemes for the re-engineering of physical protein modules: generating nanodevices via targeted replacements with constrained amino acids

scientific article

Conformational basis for asymmetric seeding barrier in filaments of three- and four-repeat tau.

scientific article

Consensus features in amyloid fibrils: sheet-sheet recognition via a (polar or nonpolar) zipper structure

scientific article

Core/Shell Piezoelectric Nanofibers with Spatial Self-Orientated β-Phase Nanocrystals for Real-Time Micropressure Monitoring of Cardiovascular Walls

scientific article published on 04 September 2019

Cross-Seeding Interaction between β-Amyloid and Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

scientific article published on 10 August 2015

Cross-seeding and conformational selection between three- and four-repeat human Tau proteins

scientific article published on 5 March 2012

Cross-sequence interactions between human and rat islet amyloid polypeptides.

scientific article published in May 2014

De novo design of self-assembled hexapeptides as β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide inhibitors.

scientific article published on 22 August 2014

Design of LVFFARK and LVFFARK-functionalized nanoparticles for inhibiting amyloid β-protein fibrillation and cytotoxicity

scientific article

Design of a Molecular Hybrid of Dual Peptide Inhibitors Coupled on AuNPs for Enhanced Inhibition of Amyloid β-Protein Aggregation and Cytotoxicity.

scientific article published on 23 January 2017

Design of novel lanthanide-doped core-shell nanocrystals with dual up-conversion and down-conversion luminescence for anti-counterfeiting printing

scientific article published on 02 May 2019

Design of salt-responsive and regenerative antibacterial polymer brushes with integrated bacterial resistance, killing, and release properties

scientific article published on 29 August 2019

Design principles and fundamental understanding of biosensors for amyloid-β detection

scientific article published on 01 May 2020

Designing a nanotube using naturally occurring protein building blocks

scientific article

Dual Salt- and Thermoresponsive Programmable Bilayer Hydrogel Actuators with Pseudo-Interpenetrating Double-Network Structures

scientific article published on 18 June 2018

Dual functionality of antimicrobial and antifouling of poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide)/salicylate hydrogels.

scientific article published on 24 January 2013

Dual physically crosslinked double network hydrogels with high toughness and self-healing properties

scientific article published on 12 January 2017

Dual‐Functional, Multi‐Targeting GNNQQNY‐AIE Conjugates as Amyloid Probes and Amyloid Modulators via Amyloid Cross‐Seeding Principle

scientific article published in 2022

Effect of film thickness on the antifouling performance of poly(hydroxy-functional methacrylates) grafted surfaces

scientific article published on 15 March 2011

Engineering antimicrobial peptides with improved antimicrobial and hemolytic activities

scientific article

Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) by Binary Secondary Dopants.

scientific article published on 21 April 2015

Enhanced performance of polymer solar cells using PEDOT:PSS doped with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles aligned by an external magnetostatic field as an anode buffer layer.

scientific article published on 9 July 2014

Experimental and Computational Protocols for Studies of Cross-Seeding Amyloid Assemblies.

scientific article published in January 2018

Formulating Zwitterionic, Responsive Polymers for Designing Smart Soils

scientific article published in 2022

From design to applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogel strain sensors

scientific article published on 30 January 2020

Fundamentals of cross-seeding of amyloid proteins: an introduction

scientific article published on 24 October 2019

Genistein: A Dual Inhibitor of Both Amyloid β and Human Islet Amylin Peptides

scientific article published on 12 February 2018

Ginnalin A Inhibits Aggregation, Reverses Fibrillogenesis, and Alleviates Cytotoxicity of Amyloid β(1-42)

scientific article published on 03 February 2020

Grafting zwitterionic polymer onto cryogel surface enhances protein retention in steric exclusion chromatography on cryogel monolith

scientific article published on 23 February 2015

HP-β-cyclodextrin as an inhibitor of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity.

scientific article published on 13 July 2016

Healing kinetics of diabetic wounds controlled with charge-biased hydrogel dressings

scientific article published on 28 October 2019

Hemocompatible interface control via thermal-activated bio-inspired surface PEGylation

Heparin-Based Coacervate of FGF2 Improves Dermal Regeneration by Asserting a Synergistic Role with Cell Proliferation and Endogenous Facilitated VEGF for Cutaneous Wound Healing.

scientific article

Heterogeneous triangular structures of human islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) with internal hydrophobic cavity and external wrapping morphology reveal the polymorphic nature of amyloid fibrils

scientific article published on 05 April 2011

How Does Hyperphopsphorylation Promote Tau Aggregation and Modulate Filament Structure and Stability?

scientific article published on 8 February 2016

Iminodiacetic acid-conjugated nanoparticles as a bifunctional modulator against Zn2+-mediated amyloid β-protein aggregation and cytotoxicity.

scientific article published on 29 June 2017

Importance of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Diverse Chains and Cross-Linking Density for Cell Proliferation, Aging, and Death

scientific article published on 16 October 2019

Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation in Alzheimer's disease.

scientific article

Interfacial interaction and lateral association of cross-seeding assemblies between hIAPP and rIAPP oligomers.

scientific article published on April 2015

Introducing mixed-charge copolymers as wound dressing biomaterials.

scientific article published on 12 June 2014

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene removal from aqueous solution.

scientific article

Membrane Interactions of hIAPP Monomer and Oligomer with Lipid Membranes by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

scientific article published on 6 June 2017

Mimicking the binding and unbinding of Fe3+ with transferrin using a single biomimetic nanochannel

scientific article published in October 2013

Modeling the Alzheimer Abeta17-42 fibril architecture: tight intermolecular sheet-sheet association and intramolecular hydrated cavities

scientific article

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Effect of Carbon Space Lengths on the Antifouling Properties of Hydroxyalkyl Acrylamides

scientific article published on 15 February 2019

Molecular Understanding and Structural-Based Design of Polyacrylamides and Polyacrylates as Antifouling Materials

scientific article published on 17 March 2016

Molecular Understanding of Aβ-hIAPP Cross-Seeding Assemblies on Lipid Membranes

scientific article published on 12 December 2016

Molecular dynamics simulations of Alzheimer Abeta40 elongation and lateral association

article

Molecular dynamics simulations of low-ordered alzheimer β-amyloid oligomers from dimer to hexamer on self-assembled monolayers.

scientific article published on 22 November 2011

Molecular insights into the reversible formation of tau protein fibrils

scientific article published on May 2013

Molecular modeling of two distinct triangular oligomers in amyloid beta-protein.

scientific article published in January 2010

Molecular simulation studies of the structure of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers

scientific article published in November 2006

Molecular simulation study of water interactions with oligo (ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

scientific article published in September 2004

Molecular simulations and understanding of antifouling zwitterionic polymer brushes

scientific article published on 30 March 2020

Molecular understanding of a potential functional link between antimicrobial and amyloid peptides

scientific article

Mussel-Inspired Surface Immobilization of Heparin on Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Repair via Sustained Release of a Growth Factor and M2 Macrophage Polarization

scientific article published on 06 January 2021

Nanostructure design using protein building blocks enhanced by conformationally constrained synthetic residues

scientific article

Non-selective ion channel activity of polymorphic human islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) double channels.

scientific article published on February 2014

Novel Quasi-2D Perovskites for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

scientific article published on 04 November 2020

Origin of repulsive force and structure/dynamics of interfacial water in OEG-protein interactions: a molecular simulation study

scientific article published in August 2008

Polymorphic Associations and Structures of the Cross-Seeding of Aβ1-42 and hIAPP1-37 Polypeptides

scientific article

Polymorphic cross-seeding amyloid assemblies of amyloid-β and human islet amyloid polypeptide

scientific article published on 18 August 2015

Polymorphic structures of Alzheimer's β-amyloid globulomers.

scientific article

Principles of nanostructure design with protein building blocks

scientific article

Probing ion channel activity of human islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin).

scientific article

Probing structure-antifouling activity relationships of polyacrylamides and polyacrylates.

scientific article published on 2 April 2013

Probing the structural dependence of carbon space lengths of poly(N-hydroxyalkyl acrylamide)-based brushes on antifouling performance.

scientific article published on 8 July 2014

Probing the weak interaction of proteins with neutral and zwitterionic antifouling polymers

scientific article

Protein adsorption on oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers: The molecular basis for nonfouling behavior

scientific article published in February 2005

Salt-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogels with Pseudo-Double-Network Structure Actuated by Polyelectrolyte and Antipolyelectrolyte Effects

scientific article published in June 2017

Salt-Responsive Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes with Tunable Friction and Antifouling Properties.

scientific article published on 5 August 2015

Salt-responsive polyzwitterionic materials for surface regeneration between switchable fouling and antifouling properties

scientific article published on 7 March 2016

Seeding and Cross-Seeding Aggregations of Aβ40 and Its N-Terminal-Truncated Peptide Aβ11-40

scientific article published on 08 February 2019

Sequence analysis of p53 response-elements suggests multiple binding modes of the p53 tetramer to DNA targets

scientific article published on 16 April 2007

Simple Thermal Pretreatment Strategy to Tune Mechanical and Antifouling Properties of Zwitterionic Hydrogels

scientific article published on 06 August 2018

Single mutations in tau modulate the populations of fibril conformers through seed selection

scientific article

Stability of tubular structures based on beta-helical proteins: self-assembled versus polymerized nanoconstructs and wild-type versus mutated sequences

scientific article

Strong resistance of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers to protein adsorption: insights into nonfouling properties of zwitterionic materials

scientific article

Structural Dependence of Salt-Responsive Polyzwitterionic Brushes with an Anti-Polyelectrolyte Effect.

scientific article published on 12 December 2017

Structural and energetic insight into the cross-seeding amyloid assemblies of human IAPP and rat IAPP.

scientific article published on 12 June 2014

Structural determination of Abeta25-35 micelles by molecular dynamics simulations

scientific article published in July 2010

Structural polymorphism of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) oligomers highlights the importance of interfacial residue interactions.

scientific article published on 15 December 2010

Structural stability and dynamics of an amyloid-forming peptide GNNQQNY from the yeast prion sup-35.

scientific article

Structural, morphological, and kinetic studies of β-amyloid peptide aggregation on self-assembled monolayers

scientific article published on 19 July 2011

Structure by design: from single proteins and their building blocks to nanostructures

scientific article

Structure, Orientation, and Surface Interaction of Alzheimer Amyloid-β Peptides on the Graphite

article

Structure-thermodynamics-antioxidant activity relationships of selected natural phenolic acids and derivatives: an experimental and theoretical evaluation

scientific article published on 24 March 2015

Sulfated zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) hydrogels promote complete skin regeneration

scientific article published on 10 March 2018

Surface zwitterionization of expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes via atmospheric plasma-induced polymerization for enhanced skin wound healing.

scientific article published on 8 July 2013

Surface zwitterionization of titanium for a general bio-inert control of plasma proteins, blood cells, tissue cells, and bacteria

scientific article published on 19 June 2014

Synthesis and Characterization of Ultralow Fouling Poly(N-acryloyl-glycinamide) Brushes

scientific article published on 21 November 2017

Synthesis and characterization of antifouling poly(N-acryloylaminoethoxyethanol) with ultralow protein adsorption and cell attachment.

scientific article

Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) for long-term antifouling ability

scientific article

Tabersonine inhibits amyloid fibril formation and cytotoxicity of Aβ(1-42).

scientific article

Tanshinones inhibit amyloid aggregation by amyloid-β peptide, disaggregate amyloid fibrils, and protect cultured cells

scientific article published on 29 March 2013

Transport of a liquid water and methanol mixture through carbon nanotubes under a chemical potential gradient

scientific article published in June 2005

Upconversion Nanoparticles@Carbon Dots@Meso-SiO2 Sandwiched Core-Shell Nanohybrids with Tunable Dual-Mode Luminescence for 3D Anti-Counterfeiting Barcodes

scientific article published on 22 August 2019

Water-enhanced Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water by Porous Graphene Hydrogel

scientific article

Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots as an anode interlayer for solution-processed near infrared polymer photodetectors

scientific article published on 01 December 2013

Zwitterionic Modifications for Enhancing the Antifouling Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes

scientific article published on 4 April 2016

List of works by Jie Zheng

A Novel Design of Multi-Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels.

A computational study of self-assembled hexapeptide inhibitors against amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation

A robust, one-pot synthesis of highly mechanical and recoverable double network hydrogels using thermoreversible sol-gel polysaccharide.

A systematic SPR study of human plasma protein adsorption behavior on the controlled surface packing of self-assembled poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer surfaces.

Ac-LVFFARK-NH2 conjugation to β-cyclodextrin exhibits significantly enhanced performance on inhibiting amyloid β-protein fibrillogenesis and cytotoxicity.

Achieving highly effective nonfouling performance for surface-grafted poly(HPMA) via atom-transfer radical polymerization.

Alzheimer Aβ1−42Monomer Adsorbed on the Self-Assembled Monolayers

An NMR investigation on the phase structure and molecular mobility of the novel exfoliated polyethylene/palygorskite nanocomposites

An index for characterization of natural and non-natural amino acids for peptidomimetics

Annular structures as intermediates in fibril formation of Alzheimer Abeta17-42

Atomic elucidation of the cyclodextrin effects on DDT solubility and biodegradation

Atomic-scale simulations confirm that soluble beta-sheet-rich peptide self-assemblies provide amyloid mimics presenting similar conformational properties

Beta2-microglobulin amyloid fragment organization and morphology and its comparison to Abeta suggests that amyloid aggregation pathways are sequence specific

Ca(2+) Interacts with Glu-22 of Aβ(1-42) and Phospholipid Bilayers to Accelerate the Aβ(1-42) Aggregation Below the Critical Micelle Concentration

Carbon monoxide in controlling the surface formation of Group VIII metal nanoparticles.

Changing the charge distribution of beta-helical-based nanostructures can provide the conditions for charge transfer

Cholesterol promotes the interaction of Alzheimer β-amyloid monomer with lipid bilayer.

Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of Aβ Adsorption on the Self-Assembled Monolayers

Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) and Rat IAPP Oligomers

Comparative Study of Graphene Hydrogels and Aerogels Reveals the Important Role of Buried Water in Pollutant Adsorption

Comparative Study of Heparin-Poloxamer Hydrogel Modified bFGF and aFGF for in Vivo Wound Healing Efficiency

Computational Investigation of Antifouling Property of Polyacrylamide Brushes

Concepts and schemes for the re-engineering of physical protein modules: generating nanodevices via targeted replacements with constrained amino acids

Conformational basis for asymmetric seeding barrier in filaments of three- and four-repeat tau.

Consensus features in amyloid fibrils: sheet-sheet recognition via a (polar or nonpolar) zipper structure

Core/Shell Piezoelectric Nanofibers with Spatial Self-Orientated β-Phase Nanocrystals for Real-Time Micropressure Monitoring of Cardiovascular Walls

Cross-Seeding Interaction between β-Amyloid and Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Cross-seeding and conformational selection between three- and four-repeat human Tau proteins

Cross-sequence interactions between human and rat islet amyloid polypeptides.

De novo design of self-assembled hexapeptides as β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide inhibitors.

Design of LVFFARK and LVFFARK-functionalized nanoparticles for inhibiting amyloid β-protein fibrillation and cytotoxicity

Design of a Molecular Hybrid of Dual Peptide Inhibitors Coupled on AuNPs for Enhanced Inhibition of Amyloid β-Protein Aggregation and Cytotoxicity.

Design of novel lanthanide-doped core-shell nanocrystals with dual up-conversion and down-conversion luminescence for anti-counterfeiting printing

Design of salt-responsive and regenerative antibacterial polymer brushes with integrated bacterial resistance, killing, and release properties

Design principles and fundamental understanding of biosensors for amyloid-β detection

Designing a nanotube using naturally occurring protein building blocks

Dual Salt- and Thermoresponsive Programmable Bilayer Hydrogel Actuators with Pseudo-Interpenetrating Double-Network Structures

Dual functionality of antimicrobial and antifouling of poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide)/salicylate hydrogels.

Dual physically crosslinked double network hydrogels with high toughness and self-healing properties

Dual‐Functional, Multi‐Targeting GNNQQNY‐AIE Conjugates as Amyloid Probes and Amyloid Modulators via Amyloid Cross‐Seeding Principle

Effect of film thickness on the antifouling performance of poly(hydroxy-functional methacrylates) grafted surfaces

Engineering antimicrobial peptides with improved antimicrobial and hemolytic activities

Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) by Binary Secondary Dopants.

Enhanced performance of polymer solar cells using PEDOT:PSS doped with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles aligned by an external magnetostatic field as an anode buffer layer.

Experimental and Computational Protocols for Studies of Cross-Seeding Amyloid Assemblies.

Formulating Zwitterionic, Responsive Polymers for Designing Smart Soils

From design to applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogel strain sensors

Fundamentals of cross-seeding of amyloid proteins: an introduction

Genistein: A Dual Inhibitor of Both Amyloid β and Human Islet Amylin Peptides

Ginnalin A Inhibits Aggregation, Reverses Fibrillogenesis, and Alleviates Cytotoxicity of Amyloid β(1-42)

Grafting zwitterionic polymer onto cryogel surface enhances protein retention in steric exclusion chromatography on cryogel monolith

HP-β-cyclodextrin as an inhibitor of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity.

Healing kinetics of diabetic wounds controlled with charge-biased hydrogel dressings

Hemocompatible interface control via thermal-activated bio-inspired surface PEGylation

Heparin-Based Coacervate of FGF2 Improves Dermal Regeneration by Asserting a Synergistic Role with Cell Proliferation and Endogenous Facilitated VEGF for Cutaneous Wound Healing.

Heterogeneous triangular structures of human islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) with internal hydrophobic cavity and external wrapping morphology reveal the polymorphic nature of amyloid fibrils

How Does Hyperphopsphorylation Promote Tau Aggregation and Modulate Filament Structure and Stability?

Iminodiacetic acid-conjugated nanoparticles as a bifunctional modulator against Zn2+-mediated amyloid β-protein aggregation and cytotoxicity.

Importance of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Diverse Chains and Cross-Linking Density for Cell Proliferation, Aging, and Death

Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation in Alzheimer's disease.

Interfacial interaction and lateral association of cross-seeding assemblies between hIAPP and rIAPP oligomers.

Introducing mixed-charge copolymers as wound dressing biomaterials.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene removal from aqueous solution.

Membrane Interactions of hIAPP Monomer and Oligomer with Lipid Membranes by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Mimicking the binding and unbinding of Fe3+ with transferrin using a single biomimetic nanochannel

Modeling the Alzheimer Abeta17-42 fibril architecture: tight intermolecular sheet-sheet association and intramolecular hydrated cavities

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Effect of Carbon Space Lengths on the Antifouling Properties of Hydroxyalkyl Acrylamides

Molecular Understanding and Structural-Based Design of Polyacrylamides and Polyacrylates as Antifouling Materials

Molecular Understanding of Aβ-hIAPP Cross-Seeding Assemblies on Lipid Membranes

Molecular dynamics simulations of Alzheimer Abeta40 elongation and lateral association

Molecular dynamics simulations of low-ordered alzheimer β-amyloid oligomers from dimer to hexamer on self-assembled monolayers.

Molecular insights into the reversible formation of tau protein fibrils

Molecular modeling of two distinct triangular oligomers in amyloid beta-protein.

Molecular simulation studies of the structure of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers

Molecular simulation study of water interactions with oligo (ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

Molecular simulations and understanding of antifouling zwitterionic polymer brushes

Molecular understanding of a potential functional link between antimicrobial and amyloid peptides

Mussel-Inspired Surface Immobilization of Heparin on Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Repair via Sustained Release of a Growth Factor and M2 Macrophage Polarization

Nanostructure design using protein building blocks enhanced by conformationally constrained synthetic residues