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List of works by Charles Wolfe

'People like you?': how people with hypertension make sense of future cardiovascular risk-a qualitative study

scientific article published on 08 November 2018

A Comparison of the Costs and Survival of Hospital-Admitted Stroke Patients Across Europe

scientific article published on 01 July 2001

A New Method for Predicting Recovery After Stroke

article

A comparison of acute and long-term management of stroke patients in Barbados and South London

scientific article

A comparison of characteristics and resource use between in-hospital and admitted patients with stroke.

scientific article published on 12 June 2010

A comparison of outcome for stroke patients in Barbados and South London

scientific article

A comparison of trends in stroke care and outcomes between in-hospital and community-onset stroke - The South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 21 February 2019

A consensus on stroke: early supported discharge.

scientific article published on 24 March 2011

A long-term follow-up of stroke patients

scientific article published in March 1997

A longitudinal study of maternal digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in normotensive pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension

scientific article published on 01 March 1990

A protocol for investigation of the effects of outdoor air pollution on stroke incidence, phenotypes and survival using the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

A specific carrier substance for human corticotrophin releasing factor in late gestational maternal plasma which could mask the ACTH-releasing activity

scientific article

Acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of short-term survival in national outcome registries in Sweden and the UK.

scientific article

Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

Air pollution and the incidence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the South London Stroke Register: a case-cross-over analysis

scientific article

An integrated care programme in London: qualitative evaluation

scientific article published on 01 January 2018

An observational study of acute stroke care in four countries: the European registers of stroke study.

scientific article

Antenatal HIV testing: current problems, future solutions. Survey of uptake in one London hospital.

scientific article published on January 1998

Antihypertensive treatment after first stroke in primary care: results from the General Practitioner Research Database

scientific article published in January 2011

Antihypertensive treatment after stroke and all-cause mortality--an analysis of the General Practitioner Research Database (GPRD).

scientific article published on 5 June 2009

Assessing the promise of user involvement in health service development: ethnographic study

scientific article

Assessment of scales of disability and handicap for stroke patients

scientific article published in October 1991

Association between diabetes and stroke subtype on survival and functional outcome 3 months after stroke: data from the European BIOMED Stroke Project

scientific article

Associations between the organisation of stroke services, process of care, and mortality in England: prospective cohort study

scientific article published on 10 May 2013

Babies' deaths linked to suboptimal care.

scientific article published on June 1995

Behavioral Risk Factor Prevalence and Lifestyle Change After Stroke

scientific article published on 01 August 2000

Bigger, faster? Associations between hospital thrombolysis volume and speed of thrombolysis administration in acute ischemic stroke

scientific article published on 19 September 2013

Brain Electrical Activity of Shy and Non-Shy Preschool-Aged Children during Executive Function Tasks.

scientific article

COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records

scientific article published in 2022

Cause of Stroke Recurrence Is Multifactorial

Cerebrovascular risk factors and stroke subtypes: differences between ethnic groups.

scientific article published on January 2001

Changes in brain functioning from infancy to early childhood: evidence from EEG power and coherence working memory tasks

scientific article

Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

scientific article

Characteristics, outcome, and care of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry (The European Community Stroke Project).

scientific article

Circulating corticotropin-releasing factor in pregnancy.

scientific article published on January 1990

Cluster randomized controlled trial of a patient and general practitioner intervention to improve the management of multiple risk factors after stroke: stop stroke

scientific article published on 23 September 2010

Collaborative design of a decision aid for stroke survivors with multimorbidity: a qualitative study in the UK engaging key stakeholders

scientific article published on 15 August 2019

Comparison of 2 extended activities of daily living scales with the Barthel Index and predictors of their outcomes: cohort study within the South London Stroke Register (SLSR).

scientific article published on 29 March 2012

Comparison of provision of stroke care in younger and older patients: findings from the South london stroke register.

scientific article

Consumers' views of the maternity services: implications for change and quality assurance

scientific article published on May 1, 1991

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-binding protein interference with CRH antibody binding: implications for direct CRH immunoassay

scientific article published on 01 July 1995

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone-binding protein in human fetal plasma

article

Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy

scientific article published on 01 January 1993

DIGOXIN-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVE FACTOR, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR, AND PREGNANCY

scientific article published in The Lancet

Declining 1-year case-fatality of stroke and increasing coverage of vascular risk management: population-based cohort study

scientific article

Defining and using quality of life: a survey of health care professionals.

scientific article published in December 2003

Delay in presentation after an acute stroke in a multiethnic population in South london: the South london stroke register

scientific article

Depressive disorder, coronary heart disease, and stroke: dose-response and reverse causation effects in the Whitehall II cohort study

scientific article published on 3 February 2014

Development of an evidence-based algorithm for the management of cervical cancer

article

Development of an evidence-based algorithm for the management of ovarian cancer.

scientific article published in January 2003

Development of complex interventions in stroke care: a systematic review.

scientific article published on 10 August 2006

Differences in Risk Factors Between Black Caribbean Patients With Stroke in Barbados and South London

scientific article published on 16 October 2008

Differences in outcome and predictors between ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhage: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 27 June 2013

Differences in stroke subtypes between black and white patients with stroke: the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study.

scientific article published on 22 October 2007

Differences in the distribution of stroke subtypes in a UK black stroke population - final results from the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study

scientific article

Does Admission to Hospital Affect Trends in Survival and Dependency After Stroke Using the South London Stroke Register?

scientific article

Does admission to hospital improve the outcome for stroke patients?

scientific article published on 01 May 2001

Does the antenatal detection of small-for-gestational-age babies influence their two-year outcomes?

scientific article published in January 2000

Does the influence of stroke on dementia vary by different levels of prestroke cognitive functioning?: a cohort study

scientific article published on 17 October 2013

Effect of recommended positioning on stroke outcome at six months: a randomized controlled trial

scientific article published on 01 March 2005

Effects of Centralizing Acute Stroke Services on Stroke Care Provision in Two Large Metropolitan Areas in England

scientific article published on 30 June 2015

Estimates of Outcomes Up to Ten Years after Stroke: Analysis from the Prospective South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on May 17, 2011

Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population.

scientific article published on June 2001

Estimation of the incidence of stroke using a capture-recapture model including covariates

scientific article published in December 2001

Estimation of the risk of stroke in black populations in Barbados and South London.

scientific article published on 22 June 2006

Ethnic Group Disparities in 10-Year Trends in Stroke Incidence and Vascular Risk Factors

scientific article published on 05 June 2008

Ethnic differences in incidence of stroke: prospective study with stroke register.

scientific article published on April 1999

Ethnic differences in markers of thrombophilia: implications for the investigation of ischemic stroke in multiethnic populations: the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study

scientific article published on 3 July 2003

Ethnic differences in risk factors for ischemic stroke: a European case-control study

scientific article

Ethnic differences in the growth of low-birthweight infants

scientific article published on 01 January 2000

Evaluation of reconfigurations of acute stroke services in different regions of England and lessons for implementation: a mixed-methods study

Explanatory factors for the increased mortality of stroke patients with depression

scientific article

Exploring stroke survivors' and physiotherapists' views of self-management after stroke: a qualitative study in the UK.

scientific article published on 10 March 2017

Factors, trends, and long-term outcomes for stroke patients returning to work: The South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 15 March 2019

Family support services for stroke patients

scientific article published on 01 November 1996

Frequency and predictors for the risk of stroke recurrence up to 10 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 21 May 2009

Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

scientific article

Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016

scientific article published on 01 December 2018

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

scientific article published in The Lancet

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

scientific article published in The Lancet

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

scientific article

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Dise

scientific article published in The Lancet

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition

journal article published in 2015

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

scientific article published in The Lancet

Gynaecological cancer services: time for change

scientific article published on 01 January 1998

Health Services Research at a Time of Turbulent Change and Austerity

scientific article published on 01 April 2012

Health care follow-up after stroke: opportunities for secondary prevention.

scientific article published in August 2002

Health services research matters - more than ever

scientific article published on 01 April 2011

Homocysteine and its relationship to stroke subtypes in a UK black population: the south London ethnicity and stroke study

scientific article published on 28 August 2008

Hypertension before and after posterior circulation infarction: analysis of data from the South London Stroke Register.

scientific article

Identifying the long-term needs of stroke survivors using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

article

Impact and sustainability of centralising acute stroke services in English metropolitan areas: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics and stroke national audit data

scientific article published in the British Medical Journal

Impact of implementing evidence-based acute stroke interventions on survival: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

Impact of outdoor air pollution on survival after stroke: population-based cohort study

scientific article published on 25 March 2010

Implementing 'translational' biomedical research: convergence and divergence among clinical and basic scientists

scientific article published on 23 July 2011

Improvement of care in acute stroke units.

scientific article published on 11 October 2011

Incidence and case fatality rates of first-ever stroke in a black Caribbean population: the Barbados Register of Strokes.

scientific article published on 15 April 2004

Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register.

scientific article

Incidence of aetiological subtypes of stroke in a multi-ethnic population based study: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 25 October 2010

Incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in black Caribbean, black African, and white populations: the South London stroke register, 1995-2004.

scientific article published on 25 October 2007

Incidence of stroke in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century

scientific article published on 26 March 2009

Influence of raised plasma osmolality on clinical outcome after acute stroke

scientific article (publication date: September 2000)

Involving older people in health research.

scientific article published on 29 March 2007

Is HIV testing in antenatal clinics worthwhile? Can we afford it?

article

Is early speech and language therapy after stroke a waste?

scientific article published on 17 July 2012

Is sodium valproate, an HDAC inhibitor, associated with reduced risk of stroke and myocardial infarction? A nested case-control study

scientific article

Is stroke mortality on the decline in England?

scientific article published on September 1, 1992

Ischaemic stroke subtypes in children and adults

scientific article published in April 2003

Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research

scientific article published on July 9, 2012

Long-Term Trends in Stroke Survivors Discharged to Care Homes: The South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 06 November 2019

Long-term effects of secondary prevention on cognitive function in stroke patients

scientific article published on 9 August 2013

Long-term outcome after stroke: does dysphagia matter?

scientific article

Long-term trends in death and dependence after ischaemic strokes: A retrospective cohort study using the South London Stroke Register (SLSR)

scientific article published on 12 March 2020

Long-term trends in incidence and risk factors for ischaemic stroke subtypes: Prospective population study of the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 05 October 2018

Longer term quality of life and outcome in stroke patients: is the Barthel index alone an adequate measure of outcome?

scientific article

Management and survival of ovarian cancer patients in South East England

article

Management of acute physiological parameters after stroke.

scientific article

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

scientific article published in The Lancet

Methods of Implementation of Evidence-Based Stroke Care in Europe: European Implementation Score Collaboration

scientific article

Multilevel growth curve models with covariate effects: application to recovery after stroke

scientific article published in March 2001

Natural History and Effects on 2-Year Outcomes of Urinary Incontinence After Stroke

scientific article published on 01 January 2001

Natural history of cognitive impairment after stroke and factors associated with its recovery

scientific article published in March 2003

Natural history, predictors and associated outcomes of anxiety up to 10 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 26 December 2013

Natural history, predictors, and associations of depression 5 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

Navigating stroke care: the experiences of younger stroke survivors.

scientific article

New-onset fecal incontinence after stroke: prevalence, natural history, risk factors, and impact

scientific article published in January 2003

Obstetric hysterectomy in a population of South East England

scientific article published in January 2006

Older stroke patients in Europe: stroke care and determinants of outcome

scientific article published in November 2004

Optimising Translational Research Opportunities: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Basic and Clinician Scientists' Perspectives of Factors Which Enable or Hinder Translational Research

scientific article

Outdoor air pollution and incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a small-area level ecological study

scientific article published on 27 October 2011

Outdoor air pollution, subtypes and severity of ischemic stroke--a small-area level ecological study

scientific article

Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of breathing after stroke

scientific article published on November 1, 2001

Patient engagement with research: European population register study

scientific article published on 3 December 2014

Patient, carer and public involvement in major system change in acute stroke services: The construction of value.

scientific article published on 18 January 2018

Patient-specific prediction of functional recovery after stroke

scientific article published in January 2017

Patient-specific recovery patterns over time measured by dependence in activities of daily living after stroke and post-stroke care: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR).

scientific article

Patterns of acute stroke care in three districts of southern England.

scientific article

Patterns of smoking cessation in the first 3 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published in June 2008

Placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone: Activator of the pituitary–adrenal axis in human pregnancy?

scientific article published on August 1, 1991

Plasma corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in abnormal pregnancy

scientific article published in October 1988

Plasma measurements of corticotrophin-releasing hormone-binding protein in normal and abnormal human pregnancy

scientific article published on 01 July 1993

Point-of-care cluster randomized trial in stroke secondary prevention using electronic health records

scientific article published on 05 June 2014

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

scientific article published in The Lancet

Poststroke survival for black-Caribbean populations in barbados and South london.

scientific article

Predicting independent survival after stroke: a European study for the development and validation of standardised stroke scales and prediction models of outcome.

scientific article published in November 2012

Predicting the disability of first-time stroke sufferers at 1 year. 12-month follow-up of a population-based cohort in southeast England

article

Predictors of survival after haemorrhagic stroke in a multi-ethnic population: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR).

scientific article published on 21 November 2007

Prevalence of poststroke cognitive impairment: South London Stroke Register 1995-2010.

scientific article published on 13 November 2012

Prevention of neurological disease in later life.

scientific article published in November 1997

Prior antiplatelet therapy and outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review

scientific article

Provision of acute stroke care and associated factors in a multiethnic population: prospective study with the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

Purchasing (and rationing) an in vitro fertilization service

scientific article published on 01 May 1995

Quality of midwifery led care: assessing the effects of different models of continuity for women's satisfaction

scientific article

Randomised controlled trial to evaluate early discharge scheme for patients with stroke

scientific article published on October 25, 1997

Reading to stroke unit patients: Perceived impact and potential of an innovative arts based therapy

scientific article published in January 2005

Recovery from Poststroke Urinary Incontinence: Associated Factors and Impact on Outcome

article

Relationships between long-term stroke disability, handicap and health-related quality of life.

scientific article published in May 2006

Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

scientific article published on 31 March 2011

Risk factors and outcome of subtypes of ischemic stroke. Data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry. The European Community Stroke Project

scientific article

Screening for ovarian cancer. Uptake of screening would be low.

scientific article published in June 1993

Selective admission into stroke unit and patient outcomes: a tale of four cities.

scientific article published on 09 January 2014

Selective risk factors profiles and outcomes among patients with stroke and history of prior myocardial infarction. The European Community Stroke Project

Self ratings of health predict functional outcome and recurrence free survival after stroke

scientific article

Self-Reported Long-Term Needs After Stroke

scientific article published on 24 March 2011

Services for helping acute stroke patients avoid hospital admission

scientific article

Services for helping acute stroke patients avoid hospital admission

scientific article published on 01 July 2001

Services for helping acute stroke patients avoid hospital admission.

scientific article

Sex differences in the clinical presentation, resource use, and 3-month outcome of acute stroke in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry

scientific article

Sex differences in trajectories of depression symptoms and associations with 10-year mortality in patients with stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 28 January 2019

Sociodemographic differences in return to work after stroke: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR).

scientific article

Socioeconomic deprivation and provision of acute and long-term care after stroke: the South London Stroke Register cohort study

scientific article published on 13 April 2014

Socioeconomic deprivation and survival after stroke: findings from the prospective South London Stroke Register of 1995 to 2011.

scientific article published on 21 November 2013

Socioeconomic disparities in first stroke incidence, quality of care, and survival: a nationwide registry-based cohort study of 44 million adults in England.

scientific article published on 15 March 2018

Socioeconomic status and stroke.

scientific article

Socioeconomic status and stroke: an updated review

scientific article published on 23 February 2012

Stop Stroke: development of an innovative intervention to improve risk factor management after stroke.

scientific article published on 28 April 2008

Stroke in the very old : clinical presentation and determinants of 3-month functional outcome: A European perspective. European BIOMED Study of Stroke Care Group.

scientific article

Stroke in the young: access to care and outcome; a Western versus eastern European perspective.

scientific article published on November 2008

Stroke thrombolysis in England: an age stratified analysis of practice and outcome

scientific article published on 22 November 2012

Stroke unit care in clinical practice: an observational study in the Florence center of the European Registers of Stroke (EROS) Project.

scientific article published on 14 September 2010

Studies of death and disability from stroke: how can they effect change in service provision?

scientific article published in January 1995

Surgical training in gynecologic oncology affects outcome

scientific article published on 01 November 1993

Survival differences after stroke in a multiethnic population: follow-up study with the South London stroke register

scientific article

Temporal Changes in the Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Five National Audits across Europe

scientific article

Temporal relationship between influenza infections and subsequent first-ever stroke incidence

scientific article published on 21 November 2008

Temporal trends in health-related quality of life after stroke: analysis from the South London Stroke Register 1995-2011.

scientific article published on 4 March 2014

The German version of the satisfaction with stroke care questionnaire (SASC) for stroke patients

scientific article published on 21 April 2010

The Impact of Pre- and Post-Stroke Statin Use on Stroke Severity and Long-Term Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

scientific article published on 16 July 2019

The association between delays in screening for and assessing dysphagia after acute stroke, and the risk of stroke-associated pneumonia

scientific article published on 13 June 2016

The association between small size for gestational age and perinatal and neonatal death in a UK Regional Health Authority.

scientific article published on October 1995

The attitudes of women and feasibility of screening for ovarian and endometrial cancers in inner city practices.

scientific article

The effect of 24 h blood pressure levels on early neurological recovery after stroke

scientific article published in August 2001

The effect of combined somatosensory stimulation and task-specific training on upper limb function in chronic stroke: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

scientific article

The effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation for stroke patients who remain at home: a pilot randomized trial

scientific article published on 01 December 2000

The effects of socioeconomic status on stroke risk and outcomes

scientific article published on December 2015

The impact of stroke

scientific article

The inter- and intraobserver reliabilities of a new classification system for ischaemic stroke: the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published in September 2001

The long-term outcomes of depression up to 10 years after stroke; the South London Stroke Register

scientific article

The natural history of depression and trajectories of symptoms long term after stroke: The prospective south London stroke register

scientific article

The potential role of cost-utility analysis in the decision to implement major system change in acute stroke services in metropolitan areas in England.

scientific article

The uptake and costs of guidelines for stroke in a district of southern England.

scientific article published in October 1997

Three-month stroke outcome: the European Registers of Stroke (EROS) investigators

scientific article

Trends and Survival Between Ethnic Groups After Stroke

scientific article published on 15 January 2013

Trends in prevalence of acute stroke impairments: A population-based cohort study using the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 09 October 2020

Trends in risk factor prevalence and management before first stroke: data from the South London Stroke Register 1995-2011.

scientific article

Trends in the prevalence and management of pre-stroke atrial fibrillation, the South London Stroke Register, 1995-2014.

scientific article

Ultrasound screening for familial ovarian cancer

scientific article published on 01 December 1992

Urinary Incontinence and Indwelling Urinary Catheters as Predictors of Death after New-Onset Stroke: A Report of the South London Stroke Register

scientific article published on 13 September 2017

Use of the CRIB (clinical risk index for babies) score in prediction of neonatal mortality and morbidity

scientific article published on July 1995

Utility of electronic patient records in primary care for stroke secondary prevention trials

scientific article

Validating self-reported strokes in a longitudinal UK cohort study (Whitehall II): Extracting information from hospital medical records versus the Hospital Episode Statistics database

scientific article

Variations in acute hospital stroke care and factors influencing adherence to quality indicators in 6 European audits

scientific article published on 30 December 2014

Variations in acute stroke care and the impact of organised care on survival from a European perspective: the European Registers of Stroke (EROS) investigators.

scientific article published on 5 February 2013

Variations in care and outcome in the first year after stroke: a Western and Central European perspective

scientific article published on 01 December 2004

Variations in case fatality and dependency from stroke in western and central Europe. The European BIOMED Study of Stroke Care Group

scientific article published in February 1999

Variations in quality indicators of acute stroke care in 6 European countries: the European Implementation Score (EIS) Collaboration

scientific article

Variations in stroke incidence and survival in 3 areas of Europe. European Registries of Stroke (EROS) Collaboration.

scientific article published on September 2000

Variations in the incidence, management and outcome of stroke in residents under the age of 75 in two health districts of southern England

scientific article published in December 1995

Variations in the management and survival of women with endometrial cancer in south east England

article

Variations in the screening history and appropriateness of management of cervical cancer in South East England

article

Variations in the use of diagnostic procedures after acute stroke in Europe: results from the BIOMED II study of stroke care

scientific article published in March 2007

Voluntary, named testing for HIV in a community based antenatal clinic: a pilot study

scientific article published on October 7, 1995

What are the social consequences of stroke for working-aged adults? A systematic review

scientific article

Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Physiological Signals of Multiple Patients

scientific article published on August 1, 2011

Women's knowledge and attitudes, and the acceptability of voluntary antenatal HIV testing

scientific article published in August 1998