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List of works by Gerrit Schüürmann

1-Methyl-4-(4-nitro-benzo-yl)pyridinium perchlorate

scientific article published on 31 August 2011

15N Metabolic test for the determination of phytotoxic effects of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples

15N/14N Analysis of Amino Acids with GC-C-IRMS - Methodical Investigations and Ecotoxicological Applications

article

A Branch-and-Bound Approach for Tautomer Enumeration

scientific article published on 7 May 2015

A European perspective on alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk assessment

scientific article

A comparative survey of chemistry-driven in silico methods to identify hazardous substances under REACH.

scientific article published on 21 May 2013

A new risk assessment approach for the prioritization of 500 classical and emerging organic microcontaminants as potential river basin specific pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive

scientific article published in May 2011

A novel in vitro system for the determination of bioconcentration factors and the internal dose in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs

scientific article published on 13 September 2009

Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Biomonitoring Samples of Pine Needles and Mosses

article

Acute and chronic toxicity toward the bacteria Vibrio fischeri of organic narcotics and epoxides: structural alerts for epoxide excess toxicity

scientific article published on December 2010

Acute aquatic toxicity of alkyl phenol ethoxylates

scientific article published in April 1991

Acute to chronic ratios in aquatic toxicity--variation across trophic levels and relationship with chemical structure.

scientific article

Adsorption of perfluorocarboxylic acids at the silica surface

scientific article published on 16 December 2016

Advances in bioconcentration prediction

Airborne trichloroacetic acid and its deposition in the catchment area of the Caspian Sea

Algal toxicity of nitrobenzenes: combined effect analysis as a pharmacological probe for similar modes of interaction

scientific article published in February 2005

An Integrated Data-Driven Strategy for Safe-by-Design Nanoparticles: The FP7 MODERN Project

scientific article

An examination of the toxicity of small heterocycles towards the ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis

article

Anaerobic Dehalogenation of Chloroanilines by Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain CBDB1 and Dehalobacter Strain 14DCB1 via Different Pathways as Related to Molecular Electronic Structure.

scientific article

Anaerobic microbial transformation of halogenated aromatics and fate prediction using electron density modeling

scientific article published on 11 May 2015

Analysis of the Flow Patterns of Liquid Organic Compounds between Blade Electrodes by Classification Models

scientific article published on 01 July 2000

Anthropogenic impacts on natural nitrogen isotope variations in Pinus sylvestris stands in an industrially polluted area

scientific article published on 01 January 1997

Applicability domain of TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) schemes—A conceptual approach

Application of Neural Networks to Modeling and Estimating Temperature-Dependent Liquid Viscosity of Organic Compounds

article

Application of different RP-HPLC methods for the determination of the octanol/water partition coefficient of selected tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes

scientific article published in November 2001

Application of preparative capillary gas chromatography (pcGC), automated structure generation and mutagenicity prediction to improve effect-directed analysis of genotoxicants in a contaminated groundwater

scientific article

Aqueous Solubility−Molecular Size Relationships: A Mechanistic Case Study Using C10- to C19-Alkanes

article

Back-propagation neural networks-recognition vs. prediction capability

Biomonitoring of airborne inorganic and organic pollutants by means of pine tree barks. I. Temporal and spatial variations

article

COSMO: a new approach to dielectric screening in solvents with explicit expressions for the screening energy and its gradient

scientific article (publication date: 1993)

Calibrating the uptake kinetics of semipermeable membrane devices in water: impact of hydrodynamics

scientific article published in January 2002

Calibration of Chemcatcher® passive sampler for selected highly hydrophobic organic substances under fresh and sea water conditions

Calibration of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for monitoring selected polar and semi-polar pesticides in surface water

scientific article published on 20 February 2008

Chapter 10 Membrane-enclosed sorptive coating for the monitoring of organic compounds in water

Chemical Safety Assessment Using Read-Across: Assessing the Use of Novel Testing Methods to Strengthen the Evidence Base for Decision Making

scientific article

Chemical complexity mapping in QSAR models

Chemical domain of QSAR models from atom-centered fragments

scientific article published in December 2009

Chemoassay screening of DNA-reactive mutagenicity with 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine - application to epoxides, oxetanes, and sulfur heterocycles

scientific article published on 18 September 2012

Chemoavailability of Organic Electrophiles: Impact of Hydrophobicity and Reactivity on Their Aquatic Excess Toxicity

scientific article published on 20 April 2016

Comment on “Discriminating toxicant classes by mode of action: 3. Substructure indicators” (M. Nendza and M. Müller, SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 18 155 (2007))

Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) of Anionic Azo Dye-Fiber Affinities I:  Gas-Phase Molecular Orbital Descriptors

article

Comparative analysis of QSAR models for predicting pK(a) of organic oxygen acids and nitrogen bases from molecular structure

scientific article published on 29 October 2010

Comparative application of solid-phase microextraction fibre assemblies and semi-permeable membrane devices as passive air samplers for semi-volatile chlorinated organic compounds. A case study on the landfill "Grube Antonie" in Bitterfeld, Germany

scientific article

Comparison of heavy metal content in two sludge drying reed beds of different age

scientific article published in 2015

Compartment-Specific Screening Tools for Persistence: Potential Role and Application in the Regulatory Context

scientific article published on 13 March 2019

Computational Evidence for α-Nitrosamino Radical as Initial Metabolite for Both the P450 Dealkylation and Denitrosation of Carcinogenic Nitrosamines

scientific article published on January 9, 2012

Computational Insight into the Activation Mechanism of Carcinogenic N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450

scientific article published on 26 September 2018

Computational biotransformation profile of paracetamol catalyzed by cytochrome P450.

scientific article published on 18 February 2015

Computational material flow analysis for thousands of chemicals of emerging concern in European waters

scientific article published on 18 April 2020

Contribution of waste water treatment plants to pesticide toxicity in agriculture catchments.

scientific article published on 18 July 2017

Correlation of aerobic biodegradability of sulfonated azo dyes with the chemical structure

scientific article published on 01 October 2001

Cytotoxicity of metals toward rainbow trout R1 cell line

scholarly article by Helmut Segner et al published November 1994 in Environmental toxicology and water quality

Dehalococcoides-Mediated B12-Dependent Reductive Dehalogenation of Aromatics Does Not Proceed through Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer

scientific article published on 25 November 2020

Description of the electronic structure of organic chemicals using semiempirical and ab initio methods for development of toxicological QSARs

scientific article published in January 2005

Determination of Temperature-Dependent Henry’s Law Constant of Four Oxygenated Solutes in Water Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique

Determination of Throughfall Rates on the Basis of Pine Bark Loads: Results of a Pilot Field Study

scientific article published in April 1997

Determination of lindane leachability in soil-biosolid systems and its bioavailability in wheat plants

scientific article

Development and application of screening tools for biodegradation in water-sediment systems and soil

scientific article published on 8 January 2016

Development of Novel Analogs of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Ligand FACH and Biological Validation of One Potential Radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging

scientific article published on 14 May 2020

Diagnostic of tautomer behaviour on QSAR models and AM1 optimisation.

scientific article

Dialysis of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from semipermeable membranes. A procedure using an accelerated solvent extraction device.

scientific article

Diffusion Coefficients of Substituted Benzenes and Alcohols at High Dilution in Octan-1-ol

Diffusion Coefficients of Substituted Benzenes at High Dilution in Water

Discrete modeling of water and pesticide movement in soil

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine substances in the Moscow River, Russia

scientific article published on 22 January 2016

Do Hammett constants model electronic properties in QSARs?

ERGO: Breaking Down the Wall between Human Health and Environmental Testing of Endocrine Disrupters

scientific article published on 22 April 2020

Economic upheaval in 1990-93 and the ecological situation in central Germany

scientific article published in June 1999

Ecotoxicological Profiling of Transect River Elbe Sediments

article by Matthias Grote et al published December 2005 in CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water

Effect-directed fractionation and identification of cytochrome p4501A-inducing halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in a contaminated sediment

scientific article published on December 2002

Effects of trichloroacetic acid on the nitrogen metabolism of Pinus sylvestris--a 13C/15N tracer study

scientific article published in January 2002

Epoxide and thiirane toxicity in vitro with the ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis: structural alerts indicating excess toxicity

scientific article published on 10 June 2011

Erratum to: Perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous samples from Germany and Kenya

scientific article published on 29 September 2016

Establishing Causality between Pollution and Effects at Different Levels of Biological Organization: The VALIMAR Project

article by Rita Triebskorn et al published January 2003 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

Estimation of Compartmental Half-lives of Organic Compounds – Structural Similarityversus EPI-Suite

article

Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Normalized Sorption Coefficient (Koc) Using Least Squares-Support Vector Machine

article

Estimation of vapour pressures for hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons from chemical structure by a neural network

Evaluation of various molecular parameters as predictors of bioconcentration in fish.

scientific article

External validation and prediction employing the predictive squared correlation coefficient test set activity mean vs training set activity mean.

scientific article published in November 2008

Fate of POPs (DDX, HCHs, PCBs) in upper soil layers of pine forests

scientific article published in March 2002

First CoMFA characterization of vesamicol analogs as ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter

scientific article published on 7 March 2008

First-order and pseudo-first-order elimination kinetics

scientific article published on December 1, 1991

From the exposome to mechanistic understanding of chemical-induced adverse effects

scientific article

Gas chromatographic determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in aqueous samples - A tutorial review

scientific article

Gas-phase and solution-phase proton transfer to H2O analyzed by high-level ab initio quantum chemistry including complete basis set and Gaussian theory schemes

scholarly article by Gerrit Schüürmann published March 1999 in Chemical Physics Letters

Gaussian-theory predictions of proton transfer to water of phenol and 3-chlorophenol: resolution of an apparent difficulty

Glutathione Adduct Patterns of Michael-Acceptor Carbonyls

scientific article

Group contribution methods to estimate water solubility of organic chemicals

article

HEROIC – an integrated European approach to the coordination of human and environmental risk assessment

High Extraction Efficiency for POPs in Real Contaminated Soil Samples Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction

scientific article published on 01 March 2000

Humanarzneimittel im aquatischen Ökosystem

article

III. Ökotoxikologische Charakterisierung der Schwermetall-Immissionsmuster

scientific article published in 1994

Identification of river basin specific pollutants and derivation of environmental quality standards: A case study in the Slovak Republic

Identification of toxic products of anthracene photomodification in simulated sunlight

scientific article published in October 2003

Immission patterns of airborne pollutants in Argentina and Germany II. Biomonitoring of organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatics

article

Impact of Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) on the Predictive Ability of CoMFA Models for the Ciliate Toxicity of Nitrobenzenes Dedicated to Professor Werner Klein, Schmallenberg (Germany), on the oaccastion of his 65th birthday

scientific article published in May 2002

Implication of heteroatom tautomer in QSAR models

In Silico Finding of Key Interaction Mediated α3β4 and α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligand Selectivity of Quinuclidine-Triazole Chemotype

scientific article published on 27 August 2020

Indirect Photolysis of Organic Compounds: Prediction of OH Reaction Rate Constants through Molecular Orbital Calculations

article

Indirect determination of low vapour pressures using solid-phase microextraction--application to tetrachlorobenzenes and tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes

scientific article published in April 2005

Individual and combined effects of mycotoxins from typical indoor moulds

article published in 2013

Inhalation TTC values: A new integrative grouping approach considering structural, toxicological and mechanistic features

scientific article published on 31 March 2016

Inhalation threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) - Structural alerts discriminate high from low repeated-dose inhalation toxicity

scientific article published on 28 December 2015

Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) for safety assessment.

scientific article published on 19 November 2014

Integrated testing strategy (ITS) for bioaccumulation assessment under REACH.

scientific article published on 4 May 2014

Interaction Mode and Regioselectivity in Vitamin B12-Dependent Dehalogenation of Aryl Halides by Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain CBDB1.

scientific article published on 28 December 2017

Interpretation of the electronic spectra of substituted naphthalenes

Kinetic glutathione chemoassay to quantify thiol reactivity of organic electrophiles--application to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones, acrylates, and propiolates

scientific article published in April 2009

Kinetic glutathione chemoassay—A non-animal component of integrated testing strategies to identify compounds with an electrophilic potential for reactive toxicity

Linear Solvation Energy Relationships as classifiers in non-target analysis—A capillary liquid chromatography approach

article

Linear solvation energy relationships as classifier in non-target analysis--an approach for isocratic liquid chromatography

scientific article published on 16 November 2013

Linear solvation energy relationships as classifiers in non-target analysis – A gas chromatographic approach

Local Electrophilicity Predicts the Toxicity-Relevant Reactivity of Michael Acceptors

article

MULTIMEDIA LEVEL-III PARTITIONING AND RESIDENCE TIMES OF XENOBIOTICS IN WATER-RICH AND WATER-POOR ENVIRONMENTS

Maternal phthalate exposure promotes allergic airway inflammation over 2 generations through epigenetic modifications

scientific article published on 6 April 2017

Membrane-enclosed sorptive coating. an integrative passive sampler for monitoring organic contaminants in water

scientific article published in November 2001

Metabolic Mechanism of Aryl Phosphorus Flame Retardants by Cytochromes P450: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study on Triphenyl Phosphate

scientific article published on 28 November 2018

Mixture toxicity and its modeling by quantitative structure-activity relationships

scientific article

Model Selection Based on Structural Similarity−Method Description and Application to Water Solubility Prediction

article

Model Suite for Predicting the Aquatic Toxicity of α,β-Unsaturated Esters Triggered by Their Chemoavailability

scientific article published on 14 January 2013

Model and Mechanism: N‐Hydroxylation of Primary Aromatic Amines by Cytochrome P450

scientific article published on November 21, 2012

Modeling Discrimination between Antibacterial and Non-Antibacterial Activity based on 3D Molecular Descriptors

Modeling and predicting pKa values of mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) by local molecular descriptors

scientific article

Modeling photoinduced algal toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

scientific article published in June 2005

Modeling the H bond donor strength of -OH, -NH, and -CH sites by local molecular parameters

scientific article published in July 2009

Modelling the Toxicity of Organophosphates: a Comparison of the Multiple Linear Regression and PLS Regression Methods

article

Multilinear regression and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of azo dye-fiber affinities. 2. Inclusion of solution-phase molecular orbital descriptors

scientific article

Multivariate Discrimination between Modes of Toxic Action of Phenols

article

Multivariate mode-of-action analysis of acute toxicity of phenols

article

Neue Kooperation in den Umweltwissenschaften — Assoziation zwischen GDCh und UWSF

scientific article published in 2006

New hydrolysis products of the beta-lactam antibiotic amoxicillin, their pH-dependent formation and search in municipal wastewater

scientific article

New systematically modified vesamicol analogs and their affinity and selectivity for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter - A critical examination of the lead structure

scientific article published on 22 May 2015

Nontargeted detection and identification of (aromatic) amines in environmental samples based on diagnostic derivatization and LC-high resolution mass spectrometry

scientific article

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient of Selected Herbicides:  Determination Using Shake-Flask Method and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

One-step cleanup for PAH residue analysis in plant matrices using size-exclusion chromatography

article

Optimizing the aquatic toxicity assessment under REACH through an integrated testing strategy (ITS).

scientific article

PBT assessment under REACH: Screening for low aquatic bioaccumulation with QSAR classifications based on physicochemical properties to replace BCF in vivo testing on fish.

scientific article published on 3 November 2017

Passive sampling for spatial and temporal monitoring of organic pollutants in surface water of a rural-urban river in Kenya

scientific article

Perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous samples from Germany and Kenya

scientific article

Performance of semipermeable membrane devices for sampling of organic contaminants in groundwater

article

Persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of central Germany

scientific article

Perspectives for integrating human and environmental risk assessment and synergies with socio-economic analysis.

scientific article published on 24 April 2013

Pesticide impact on aquatic invertebrates identified with Chemcatcher® passive samplers and the SPEAR(pesticides) index

scientific article published on 14 August 2015

Pesticides from wastewater treatment plant effluents affect invertebrate communities

scientific article

Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the industrial region of Bitterfeld

scientific article published in January 2003

Polyethersulfone as suitable passive sampler for waterborne hydrophobic organic compounds - Laboratory calibration and field test in the Sosiani river, Kenya

scientific article published on 22 August 2019

Postgraduale Weiterbildung mit dem zertifizierten Abschluss Fachökotoxikologin/e GDCh/SETAC

scientific article published in 2006

Postgraduale Weiterbildung mit dem zertifizierten Abschluss Fachökotoxikologin/e GDCh/SETAC

scientific article published in 2005

Predicting Michael-acceptor reactivity and toxicity through quantum chemical transition-state calculations

scientific article published on 3 November 2011

Predicting rate constants of OH radical reactions with organic substances: advances for oxygenated organics through a molecular orbital HF/6-31G** approach

Prediction models for the Abraham hydrogen bond donor strength: comparison of semi-empirical, ab initio, and DFT methods

article

Prediction of Michael-Type Acceptor Reactivity toward Glutathione

article by Johannes A. H. Schwöbel et al published 18 October 2010 in Chemical Research in Toxicology

Prediction of Physicochemical Properties of Organic Compounds from 2D Molecular Structure – Fragment Methods vs. LFER Models

article

Prediction of aqueous solubility and the octanol-water partition coefficient for lipophilic organic compounds using molecular descriptors and physicochemical properties

article

Prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices as classifier in non-target analysis of environmental samples

scientific article published on 19 February 2013

Prediction of the dissociation constant pKa of organic acids from local molecular parameters of their electronic ground state

scientific article published on 11 August 2011

Prediction of the intrinsic hydrogen bond acceptor strength of chemical substances from molecular structure

scientific article published in September 2009

Prediction of the intrinsic hydrogen bond acceptor strength of organic compounds by local molecular parameters

scientific article

Prediction of the pKaof Carboxylic Acids Using the ab Initio Continuum-Solvation Model PCM-UAHF

article

Prediction of the sorption of organic compounds into soil organic matter from molecular structure

scientific article published in November 2006

Prediction of the temperature dependency of Henry's law constant from chemical structure

scientific article published on September 2005

Prediction of the toxicity of mixtures of shale oil components

scientific article published in October 1989

Predictive QSPR models for estimating soil sorption coefficients: potential and limitations based on dominating processes

article

QSAR analysis of the acute fish toxicity of organic phosphorothionates using theoretically derived molecular descriptors

article

QSAR analysis of the acute toxicity of oxyethylated surfactants

article

QSAR-Modelle

scientific article published in 1991

QSARs in the chemical industry: need, scope and current limitations

Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships for the Polarizability, Solvatochromic Parameters and Lipophilicity

scholarly article by Gerrit Schüürmann published 1990 in QSAR and Combinatorial Science

Quantitative Structure−Activity Analysis of the Algae Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds

article

Quantitative and qualitative models for carcinogenicity prediction for non-congeneric chemicals using CP ANN method for regulatory uses

scientific article published on 15 August 2009

Quantitative read-across for predicting the acute fish toxicity of organic compounds

scientific article

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the toxicity of selected shale oil components to mixed marine bacteria.

scientific article published in April 1989

Quantitative structure-property relationships for predicting Henry's law constant from molecular structure

scientific article

Quantum chemical approach to estimate physicochemical compound properties: Application to substituted benzenes

article

Rapid semi-continuous calibration and field test of membrane-enclosed silicone collector as passive water sampler

scientific article published on 21 July 2006

Read-Across Prediction of the Acute Toxicity of Organic Compounds toward the Water Flea Daphnia magna

scientific article published on 15 January 2013

Short Communication—ERROR PROPAGATION IN FUGACITY LEVEL-III MODELS IN THE CASE OF UNCERTAIN PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPOUND PROPERTIES

Silicone rod extraction of pharmaceuticals from water

scientific article published on 9 January 2007

Simple Algorithms for Determining the Molecular Symmetry

scholarly article by Julian Ivanov & Gerrit Schüürmann published July 1999 in Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences

Solubility and partitioning studies with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using an optimized SPME procedure

Sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on montmorillonite clays: effects of exchangeable cations, pH, and ionic strength

Stepwise discrimination between four modes of toxic action of phenols in the Tetrahymena pyriformis assay

scientific article

Strengthen the European collaborative environmental research to meet European policy goals for achieving a sustainable, non-toxic environment

scientific article published on 30 September 2019

Structural AlertsA New Classification Model to Discriminate Excess Toxicity from Narcotic Effect Levels of Organic Compounds in the Acute Daphnid Assay

article

Structural alerts for the excess toxicity of acrylates, methacrylates, and propiolates derived from their short-term and long-term bacterial toxicity

scientific article published on 30 December 2011

Structure-Based Classification of Antibacterial Activity

article

Structure-activity relationships for chloro- and nitrophenol toxicity in the pollen tube growth test

article

TTC: A new concept for inhalation exposure

Tautomer identification and tautomer structure generation based on the InChI code

scientific article published in July 2010

The OSIRIS Weight of Evidence approach: ITS for skin sensitisation.

scientific article published on 19 June 2013

The OSIRIS Weight of Evidence approach: ITS for the endpoints repeated-dose toxicity (RepDose ITS).

scientific article published on 21 February 2013

The OSIRIS Weight of Evidence approach: ITS mutagenicity and ITS carcinogenicity.

scientific article published on 26 January 2013

The SOLUTIONS project: challenges and responses for present and future emerging pollutants in land and water resources management

scientific article

The benzene metabolite 1,4-benzoquinone reduces regulatory T-cell function: A potential mechanism for tobacco smoke-associated atopic dermatitis

scientific article published on 5 March 2017

Thiol reactivity and its impact on the ciliate toxicity of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters

scientific article published on December 2010

Toxizitätsreduktion durch (Grundwasser-) Sanierung?

Use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Determination of bioavailable, organic, waterborne contaminants in the industrial region of Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

scientific article published in January 2001

Variation in predicted internal concentrations in relation to PBPK model complexity for rainbow trout

scientific article published on 2 February 2016

Varying Chirality Across Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes: Selective Binding of Quinuclidine Triazole Compounds

scientific article published on 9 August 2016

White paper on the promotion of an integrated risk assessment concept in European regulatory frameworks for chemicals

scientific article

Wirkungsforschung in der Chemischen Ökotoxikologie

scientific article published in 1994

Wirkungsschwellen für chemische Stoffe in Biosystemen

scientific article published in 1994

Ökologische Situation der Region Leipzig-Halle

scientific article published in 1994

Ökologische Situation der Region Leipzig-Halle

Ökotoxikologie soll endlich wissenschaftliches Fach werden

scientific article published in 2003

Ökotoxikologische Risikoanalyse der Cadmium-Belastung

scientific article published in 1994