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List of works by Claudio Ferri

2012 consensus document of the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA): strategies to improve blood pressure control in Italy: from global cardiovascular risk stratification to combination therapy.

scientific article published on 28 March 2013

A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients

scientific article published on 13 November 2006

Abnormal Aldosterone Physiology and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

scientific article published on February 11, 2013

Abnormal atrial natriuretic peptide and renal responses to saline infusion in nonmodulating essential hypertensive patients.

scientific article

Age and Multimorbidity Predict Death Among COVID-19 Patients: Results of the SARS-RAS Study of the Italian Society of Hypertension

scientific article published on 22 June 2020

Air Pollution Exposure and Blood Pressure: An Updated Review of the Literature

scientific article

Air Pollution and Exercise: A REVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS.

scientific article published on 16 September 2015

Aldosterone dysregulation with aging predicts renal vascular function and cardiovascular risk

scientific article

Altered adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in low-renin essential hypertension

scientific article

Ambulatory monitoring of systolic hypertension in the elderly: Eprosartan/hydrochlorothiazide compared with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide (INSIST trial).

scientific article published on 16 June 2010

Angiotensin II increases the release of endothelin-1 from human cultured endothelial cells but does not regulate its circulating levels

scientific article published on 01 March 1999

Angiotensin II inhibits endothelial cell motility through an AT1-dependent oxidant-sensitive decrement of nitric oxide availability

scientific article published on 22 May 2003

Angiotensin II stimulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by human vascular endothelial cells and increases soluble ICAM-1 release in vivo

scientific article

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition counteracts angiotensin II-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction by modulating the p38/SirT1 axis.

scientific article published on October 2013

Antioxidants and beneficial microvascular effects: is this the remedy?

scientific article published on 26 April 2010

Aortic stiffness, blood pressure and renal dysfunction

scientific article published on 01 October 2011

Are physicians underestimating the challenges of hypertension management? Results from the Supporting Hypertension Awareness and Research Europe-wide (SHARE) survey

scientific article published on 30 May 2012

Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency

scientific article

Association between periodontal inflammation and hypertension using periodontal inflamed surface area and bleeding on probing

scientific article published on 26 November 2019

Associations between low levels of serum uric acid and cardiometabolic parameters

scientific article published on 06 August 2015

Atrial natriuretic factor in hypertensive and normotensive diabetic patients.

scientific article

Atrial natriuretic peptide in non-modulating essential hypertension

scientific article published on 01 June 1993

Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study

scientific article published on 14 August 2012

Black tea consumption dose-dependently improves flow-mediated dilation in healthy males

scientific article published on 01 April 2009

Black tea lowers blood pressure and wave reflections in fasted and postprandial conditions in hypertensive patients: a randomised study

scientific article

Blood Pressure Targets Achievement According to 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines in Three European Excellence Centers for Hypertension

scientific article published on 08 January 2020

Blood endothelin-1 levels before and after carotid endoarterectomy for atherosclerotic stenosis

scientific article published on 01 January 2001

Blood platelets and angiotensin II: angiotensin II release after platelet aggregation

scientific article published on 01 November 1988

Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: what about cocoa and chocolate?

scientific article published on June 2010

Blood pressure control in Italy: analysis of clinical data from 2005-2011 surveys on hypertension

scientific article

Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate.

scientific article

Blood pressure levels and control in Italy: comprehensive analysis of clinical data from 2000-2005 and 2005-2011 hypertension surveys

scientific article

Body mass index predicts plasma aldosterone concentrations in overweight-obese primary hypertensive patients

scientific article published on 29 April 2008

Brain Protection and Cognitive Function: Cocoa Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals

scientific article

C-reactive protein: interaction with the vascular endothelium and possible role in human atherosclerosis.

scientific article published on January 2007

Captopril does not alter metabolic control in elderly hypertensive diabetics during secondary failure

scientific article published on 01 November 1988

Cardiac and renal sodium-modulating hormones in juvenile arterial hypertension. The physiopathological aspects and therapeutic results of a trial at the Policlinico Militare Celio in Rome

scientific article published on December 1992

Cardiovascular risk and cardiometabolic protection: role of glitazones.

scientific article

Cardiovascular risk and endothelial dysfunction: the preferential route for atherosclerosis.

scientific article published on September 2011

Causes of hospitalisation before and after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake.

scientific article published on September 2013

Changes in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure during the 2009 earthquake at L'Aquila: a new evaluation in the same patients

scientific article published on 01 March 2013

Changes in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during the 2009 earthquake at L'Aquila

scientific article published on 01 October 2010

Changes in serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis

scientific article

Changes in the atrial natriuretic factor and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis induced by maximum exertion in subjects with a recent myocardial infarct

scientific article published in July 1991

Chocolate, lifestyle, and health.

scientific article published on April 2009

Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in patients with chronic hypoxia

scientific article published on June 1995

Circulating endothelin-1 levels in lean non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Influence of ACE inhibition

scientific article published on 01 January 1995

Circulating endothelin-1 levels in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome

scientific article published in January 1997

Circulating endothelin-1 levels increase during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in lean NIDDM men.

scientific article published on February 1995

Clinical management of hypertension in pregnancy. Practical recommendations from the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA). [corrected].

scientific article published on 6 August 2013

Clustering of endothelial markers of vascular damage in human salt-sensitive hypertension: influence of dietary sodium load and depletion

scientific article published on 01 November 1998

Cocoa beans, endothelial function and aging: an unexpected friendship?

scientific article published in August 2006

Cocoa consumption dose-dependently improves flow-mediated dilation and arterial stiffness decreasing blood pressure in healthy individuals.

scientific article

Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study--a randomized controlled trial

scientific article

Cocoa powder triggers neuroprotective and preventive effects in a human Alzheimer's disease model by modulating BDNF signaling pathway

scientific article published on October 2013

Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives.

scientific article published on 18 July 2005

Cocoa, blood pressure, and cardiovascular health

scientific article published on 30 June 2015

Cocoa, glucose tolerance, and insulin signaling: cardiometabolic protection

scientific article published on 30 June 2015

Combination therapy with lercanidipine and enalapril reduced central blood pressure augmentation in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome

scientific article published on 10 June 2015

Comparison of the captopril and the saline infusion test for excluding aldosterone-producing adenoma

scientific article published on 25 June 2007

Conceptual basis and methodology of the SOPHIA study

scientific article published in November 2007

Controlled analysis of blood pressure sensitivity to sodium intake: interactions with hypertension type

scientific article

Correlations between circulation levels of natriuretic atrial peptide and urinary excretion of kallikrein in young normotensive and hypertensive subjects

scientific article

Cyclooxygenase and atherosclerosis: a smoking area.

scientific article published on January 2010

Decreased activity of the red blood cell ATPase-dependent Na+ pump in patients with cardiac syndrome X

scientific article published on 01 September 1999

Different effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on endothelin-1 and nitric oxide balance in human vascular endothelial cells: evidence of an oxidant-sensitive pathway.

scientific article

Different polymorphisms of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene are associated with either glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid levels in hypertension

scientific article

Does mild autonomic neuropathy affect atrial natriuretic factor regulation in diabetic hypertensive patients?

scientific article published in October 1991

Does nondipping blood pressure profile contribute to vascular inflammation during sleep deprivation?

scientific article

Early activation of vascular endothelial cells and platelets in obese children

scientific article

Early activation of vascular endothelium in nonobese, nondiabetic essential hypertensive patients with multiple metabolic abnormalities

scientific article published in April 1998

Early upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in obese hypertensive men.

scientific article published on October 1999

Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on platelet angiotensin II content

scientific article published on March 1988

Effect of aprotinin on insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

scientific article published on 01 July 1996

Effect of nicardipine on angiotensin II platelet content

scientific article published on 01 November 1988

Effects of ACE inhibition on spontaneous and insulin-stimulated endothelin-1 secretion: in vitro and in vivo studies

scientific article published on January 1997

Effects of acute and protracted hypoxia on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor

scientific article published on February 1, 1992

Effects of atrial natriuretic factor infusion on plasma prorenin levels in hypertensive males

scientific article published on 01 May 1994

Effects of bezafibrate and simvastatin on endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemia: evidence of different vascular protection by different lipid-lowering treatments

scientific article published in November 2003

Effects of high altitude exposure on plasma and urinary digoxin-like immunoreactive substance

scientific article published on September 1, 1992

Effects of insulin on in vitro vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and in vivo soluble VCAM-1 release

scientific article

Effects of medium- and long-term treatment with nicardipine on arterial blood pressure, hemodynamics and renal function in patients with arterial hypertension of mild and moderate degree

scientific article published in November 1988

Effects of naloxone on myocardial ischemic preconditioning in humans

scientific article published on 01 June 1999

Effects of obesity and weight loss on soluble CD40L levels

scientific article published in April 2003

Effects of short-time insulin suppression on renal sodium excretion in type II diabetic hypertensives

scientific article published on 01 January 1993

Electrophysiological effects of short-term antihypertensive therapy.

scientific article published in November 2008

Elevated levels of plasma endothelin-1, von Willebrand factor, and urinary albumin excretion in three relatives with pseudoxanthoma elasticum

scientific article published on 01 August 1996

Elevated plasma and urinary endothelin-I levels in human salt-sensitive hypertension

scientific article published on 01 July 1997

Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels as an additional risk factor in non-obese essential hypertensive patients with metabolic abnormalities

scientific article published in January 1997

Endothelial activation in patients with cardiac syndrome X.

scientific article

Endothelial activation. Sliding door to atherosclerosis.

scientific article

Endothelial cell activation in men with erectile dysfunction without cardiovascular risk factors and overt vascular damage

scientific article published on 01 April 2004

Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I: Methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds: a statement by the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension

scientific article

Endothelin-1 in diabetic and nondiabetic men with erectile dysfunction

scientific article published on 01 November 1997

Endothelium/nitric oxide mechanism mediates vasorelaxation and counteracts vasoconstriction induced by low concentration of flavanols.

scientific article published on 10 February 2012

Enhanced activity of sodium-lithium countertransport in patients with cardiac syndrome X: a potential link between cardiac and metabolic syndrome X

scientific article published on 01 December 1998

Enhanced blood pressure response to cyclooxygenase inhibition in salt-sensitive human essential hypertension

scientific article published on 01 June 1993

Enhanced plasma soluble CD40 ligand levels in essential hypertensive patients with blunted nocturnal blood pressure decrease

scientific article published on 01 January 2007

Enhanced proatherogenic inflammation after recombinant human TSH administration in patients monitored for thyroid cancer remnant

scientific article published on 03 December 2008

Enhanced release of atrial natriuretic factor during exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in patients after acute myocardial infarction

scientific article published in February 1992

Enhanced soluble CD40 ligand and Alzheimer's disease: evidence of a possible pathogenetic role.

scientific article published on 22 November 2006

Enhanced soluble CD40 ligand contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro and monocyte activation in patients with diabetes mellitus: effect of improved metabolic control.

scientific article published on 3 May 2005

Epidemiological and economic burden of metabolic syndrome and its consequences in patients with hypertension in Germany, Spain and Italy; a prevalence-based model.

scientific article

Erratum to: National Survey on Excellence Centers and Reference Centers for Hypertension Diagnosis and Treatment: Geographical Distribution, Medical Facilities and Diagnostic Opportunities

scientific article published on 01 December 2015

Flavonoids: antioxidants against atherosclerosis

scientific article published on 12 August 2010

Genetic determinants of nonmodulating hypertension

scientific article published on 6 October 2003

Genome-wide association study identifies CAMKID variants involved in blood pressure response to losartan: the SOPHIA study.

scientific article published in September 2014

Hidden sodium in Mediterranean food

scientific article published on 01 October 2011

High plasma renin activity is combined with elevated urinary albumin excretion in essential hypertensive patients

scientific article published on 01 October 1999

Higher fine particulate matter and temperature levels impair exercise capacity in cardiac patients

scientific article published on 8 June 2015

Hormonal and renal responses to atrial natriuretic peptide infusion in low-renin hypertension

scientific article published on 01 January 1995

Hypertension and migraine comorbidity: prevalence and risk of cerebrovascular events: evidence from a large, multicenter, cross-sectional survey in Italy (MIRACLES study)

scientific article published on February 1, 2011

Hypertension in pregnancy and endothelial activation: An emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease

scientific article published on 29 February 2012

Hypertensive emergencies in old age: effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition

scientific article

Hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk

scientific article published on 20 February 2014

Impaired inactive to active kallikrein conversion in human salt-sensitive hypertension

scientific article published in December 1996

In uno omnia: anti-thrombotic agents in challenging comorbidities.

scientific article published in January 2010

Increased cardiovascular death rates in a COVID-19 low prevalence area

scientific article published on 20 August 2020

Increased levels of plasma endothelin-1 in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with retinopathy but without other diabetes-related organ damage

scientific article published on 01 January 1997

Increased sodium, potassium cotransport activity in salt-sensitive essential hypertensive patients

scientific article published on 01 December 1993

Influence of reduced glutathione infusion on glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

scientific article

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 with tadalafil is associated to an improved activity of circulating angiogenic cells in men with cardiovascular risk factors and erectile dysfunction

scientific article published on 05 December 2006

Insulin resistance and essential hypertension: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications

scientific article published on April 1, 1992

Insulin stimulates endothelin-1 secretion from human endothelial cells and modulates its circulating levels in vivo

scientific article published on March 1995

Is circulating endothelin evaluation useful for clinicians?

scientific article published on 10 May 2019

L-arginine infusion decreases plasma total homocysteine concentrations through increased nitric oxide production and decreased oxidative status in Type II diabetic patients

scientific article published on 22 June 2002

Limitations and discrepancies of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography compared with surgical findings in patients submitted to surgery for complications of infective endocarditis

scientific article published in September 2006

Long-term blood pressure changes induced by the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake: assessment by 24 h ambulatory monitoring

scientific article

Lysine-specific demethylase 1: an epigenetic regulator of salt-sensitive hypertension

scientific article published on 26 April 2012

Mediterranean diet, cocoa and cardiovascular disease: a sweeter life, a longer life, or both?

scientific article published in December 2003

Modelling the costs of care of hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome and its consequences, in Germany, Spain and Italy

scientific article

National survey on excellence centers and reference centers for hypertension diagnosis and treatment: geographical distribution, medical facilities and diagnostic opportunities.

scientific article

Neuroprotective activities of bacopa, lycopene, astaxanthin, and vitamin B12 combination on oxidative stress-dependent neuronal death

scientific article published on 25 May 2020

Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-Amyloid injury: involvement of neurotrophic signals

scientific article published on 28 April 2020

New Insight into Urate-Related Mechanism of Cardiovascular Damage

scientific article published on 16 April 2014

Nifedipine improves the migratory ability of circulating endothelial progenitor cells depending on manganese superoxide dismutase upregulation

scientific article published in April 2008

No country for old men: a polypill strategy to prevent dementia?

scientific article published on 01 February 2009

Nonmodulation as the mechanism for salt sensitivity of blood pressure in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus

scientific article

Nonpharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia increases circulating endothelial progenitor cell population in adults

scientific article published on 01 May 2006

Oxygen administration increases plasma digoxin-like substance and renal sodium excretion in chronic hypoxic patients

scientific article published on 01 January 1993

Particulate matter air pollution and ambient temperature: opposing effects on blood pressure in high-risk cardiac patients

scientific article published on 22 July 2015

Patterns of myocardial endothelin-1 expression and outcome after cardiac transplantation

scientific article published in April 2002

Physician attitudes to blood pressure control: findings from the Supporting Hypertension Awareness and Research Europe-wide survey.

scientific article published in August 2011

Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in young normotensive subjects with a family history of hypertension and in young hypertensive patients

scientific article published in October 1990

Plasma endogenous digoxin-like substance levels are dependent on blood O2 in man

scientific article published on 01 October 1994

Plasma endothelin-1 levels during transient acute myocardial ischaemia in men: effects of coronary revascularization

scientific article published on 01 June 1997

Plasma endothelin-1 levels in obese hypertensive and normotensive men.

scientific article published in April 1995

Plasma endothelin-1 levels, pulmonary hypertension, and lung fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis

scientific article published on 01 September 1995

Platelet activation in patients with the Raynaud phenomenon

scientific article published on 01 May 2012

Platelet content of vasoactive substances: identification of angiotensin II

scientific article published in June 1987

Polyol pathway activation and glutathione redox status in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients

scientific article published on October 1997

Preprocedural level of soluble CD40L is predictive of enhanced inflammatory response and restenosis after coronary angioplasty.

scientific article published on 17 November 2003

Prolonged, low dose alpha-tocopherol therapy counteracts intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 activation

scientific article published in June 2002

Prospective appraisal of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients presenting with atrial flutter or fibrillation (PAPPHY Study): rationale and study design.

scientific article published on 21 June 2012

Prospective evaluation of the saline infusion test for excluding primary aldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma

scientific article published on 01 July 2007

Protective effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function and diabetes.

scientific article

Protective effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on endothelial function and wave reflection during acute hyperglycemia.

scientific article published on 30 July 2012

Reduction of oxidative stress by oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment decreases plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 concentrations in non-obese, non-dyslipidaemic, normotensive, patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes

scientific article published on 01 November 1998

Relationship between insulin resistance and nonmodulating hypertension: linkage of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk

scientific article published in August 1999

Relationship between vasopressin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in essential hypertension: effect of converting enzyme inhibitor on plasma vasopressin

scientific article published on 01 November 1985

Renal artery denervation for treating resistant hypertension : definition of the disease, patient selection and description of the procedure.

scientific article published in December 2012

Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study

scientific article published on 26 June 2006

Renal sodium excretory function during acute oxygen administration

scientific article published on 01 January 1993

Renin gene polymorphism: its relationship to hypertension, renin levels and vascular responses

scientific article

Role of plasma and urinary endothelin-1 in early diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy

scientific article published on 01 August 1998

Salt-sensitivity is associated with a hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic response to atrial natriuretic peptide infusion in human essential hypertension

scientific article published on 01 March 1994

Serum uric acid levels and metabolic syndrome

scientific article published on 10 June 2014

Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons

scientific article

Soluble CD40 ligand is predictive of combined cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients on haemodialysis at a relatively short-term follow-up

scientific article published on 08 February 2011

Strategies for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

scientific article published on 06 February 2015

The aldosterone–renin ratio based on the plasma renin activity and the direct renin assay for diagnosing aldosterone-producing adenoma

scientific article published on September 1, 2010

The dangerous consequences of orthostatic hypotension

scientific article published on 03 September 2019

The effect of insulin on endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion in human cultured endothelial cell

scientific article published on 01 May 1995

The history of primary hyperaldosteronism with simultaneous hypercortisolism

scientific article published on 01 February 2012

The influence of salt sensitivity on the blood pressure response to exogenous kallikrein in essential hypertensive patients.

scientific article

The influences of obesity and glycemic control on endothelial activation in patients with type 2 diabetes

scientific article published in November 2001

Therapeutic approaches to chronic hyperuricemia and gout

scientific article published on 03 April 2014

Trends in Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Blood Pressure Recorded From 2004 to 2014 During World Hypertension Day in Italy

scientific article published on 13 October 2015

Unilateral adrenal hypersecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol in two first cousins with a syndrome of mineralocorticoid excess but without signs of hypercortisolism

scientific article published on 01 May 1994

Urinary adrenomedullin is related to ET-1 and salt intake in patients with mild essential hypertension. Salt Sensitivity Group of Italian Society of Hypertension.

scientific article

Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in human salt-sensitive hypertension

scientific article published on 01 December 1993

Variants in striatin gene are associated with salt-sensitive blood pressure in mice and humans

scientific article

Vitamin D protects human endothelial cells from H₂O₂ oxidant injury through the Mek/Erk-Sirt1 axis activation.

scientific article

Vitamin E supplementation reduces plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and von Willebrand factor levels and increases nitric oxide concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients

scientific article (publication date: June 2002)

Within-patient reproducibility of the aldosterone: renin ratio in primary aldosteronism

scientific article published on 23 November 2009

[Atrial natriuretic factor: an epidemiological study. Preliminary results]

scientific article published on 01 March 1989

[Effects of active orthostatism on blood levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in the healthy subject]

article by Claudio Ferri et al published 1 April 1989 in Medicina (Florence, Italy)

[Endothelial dysfunction in salt sensitive hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 August 1996

[Oral administration of extracted kallikrein to patients with essential arterial hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 October 1991

[Primary hyperaldosteronism caused by monolateral adrenal hyperplasia]

scientific article published on 01 January 1995

[Relationship of plasma levels of angiotensin II and intraplatelet content of the peptide]

scientific article published on 01 July 1988

[Renal denervation for the treatment of resistant hypertension: definition, patient selection and description of the procedure. 2012 Position paper of the Italian Society of Hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 December 2012

[Sodium-modulating hormones and the pressor response to sodium chloride in essential arterial hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 April 1993

[Strategies for improving blood pressure control in Italy: from global cardiovascular risk stratification to combination therapy. 2012 Position paper of the Italian Society of Hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 December 2012

[The efficacy and tolerance of orally administered kallikrein in patients with essential arterial hypertension]

scientific article published on 01 October 1991