The Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers Inferred from Advanced LIGO Observations Surrounding GW150914

journal article from 'The Astrophysical Journal Letters' published in 2016

Author/s

author: Kip S. Thorne, Sebastian Khan, Timo Denker, Prayush Kumar, Francesco Pannarale, Dipongkar Talukder, Fiodor Sorrentino, Diego Bersanetti, Xing-Jiang Zhu, Livia Conti, Alexander Khalaidovski, Karl Wette, Koji Arai, Marco Drago, David B. Tanner, Alexander Harvey Nitz, John Veitch, Bruce Allen, Duncan A. Brown, Benjamin F. Farr, Matthew D. Pitkin, Piotr Jaranowski, Elisabetta Cesarini, Jan Harms, Graham Woan, Roberto Passaquieti, Badri Krishnan, Philip Charlton, Haixing Miao, Massimiliano Razzano, Benno Willke, François Bondu, Paul J. Groot, Gijs Nelemans, Vincenzo Pierro, Giovanni Losurdo, László Árpád Gergely, Stefano Ascenzi, Matteo Leonardi, Paolo Addesso, Giles D. Hammond, Márton Tápai, Thomas Callister, Vincent Dolique, Viswanath Bavigadda, Francesco Salemi, Linqing Wen, Rocco Romano, Rosa Poggiani, Patricia Schmidt, Sebastian Steinlechner, Andrew Wade, Bruce Gendre, Helios Vocca, Eric Thrane, Vivien Raymond, Chunnong Zhao, Ettore Majorana, Li Ju, Neil Gehrels, Tomasz Bulik, Gregory Ashton, Johannes Eichholz, Chris J. Messenger, Giulia Stratta, Alessandro Bertolini, Bryan Barr, Andreas Freise, Paul A. Altin, Giovanni Cerretani, Flavio Travasso, Douglas Cook, Gregory M. Harry, Alberto Vecchio, Soma Mukherjee, Enrico Calloni, Eugenio Coccia, Leopoldo Milano, Benjamin P. Abbott, Giacomo Ciani, Karsten Danzmann, Evan Goetz, David E. McClelland, Fabrice Matichard, Laura Kate Nuttall, Daniel Sigg, Borja Sorazu, Robert L. Ward, Rainer Weiss, Michel Davier, Carl D. Blair, Susan Scott, Mauro Tonelli, Claudia Lazzaro, Jong H. Chow, Robert Taylor, Vasiliki Kalogera, Gabriela González, Orion Eli Sauter, Ronald Drever, Beverly Berger, Bernard F. Schutz, Roman Schnabel, Nergis Mavalvala, Michel Boër, Dennis Ugolini, Richard K. Mittleman, Peter Fritschel, Volker Quetschke, Andrew Melatos, Thomas D. Abbott, Piero Rapagnani, Archisman Ghosh, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Sinead Walsh, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Alberto Gatto, Todd Adams, Sukanta Bose, Gergely Debreczeni, Éric Chassande-Mottin, Odylio D. Aguiar, David Blair, Aidan Brooks, Juan Calderon Bustillo, Kipp Cannon, Collin Capano, Alessandra Corsi, Cesar Costa, Stefan Danilishin, Gareth S Davies, Walter Del Pozzo, Luciano Di Fiore, Isidoro Ferrante, Gianluca Guidi, Eric Howell, Eliu A. Huerta, Dale R. Ingram, David Keitel, Izabela Kowalska, Paul Lasky, Andrew Lundgren, Valentina Mangano, Denis V. Martynov, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Jonathan Miller, Conor M Mow-Lowry, Eric Oelker, Richard O'Shaughnessy, Federico Paoletti, Ryan Quitzow-James, Bram Slagmolen, Nicolas Straniero, Amber L. Stuver, Bas L. Swinkels, Kirill V. Tokmakov, Joris van Heijningen, Alan J. Weinstein, John T. Whelan, Bernard F Whiting, Riccardo Bassiri, Francesco Fidecaro, Jamie Scott, Sophie Hollitt, Ryan Lynch, Gabriele Vajente, Eric A. Quintero, Alessio Rocchi, Fulvio P. Ricci, Gabriele Vedovato, Flavio Vetrano, Michael Zevin, Valerio Boschi, Lorenzo Cerboni Baiardi, Maria Haney, Antoine Heidmann, Lorenzo Aiello, Ross Birney, Andrea Chincarini, Christophe Collette, Stephen Fairhurst, Massimo Granata, Anna Green, Matteo Lorenzini, Chandra Kant Mishra, David J. Murphy, Luca Naticchioni, Barbara Patricelli, Ornella Juliana Piccinni, Francesco Piergiovanni, Maria Principe, John Zweizig, Francisco Jiménez-Forteza, Fabian Magaña-Sandoval, Nam-Gyu Kim, Mariela Masso-Reid, David Mendoza-Gandara, Arunava Mukherjee, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Samaya Nissanke, Richard Gustafson, Eric K. Gustafson, Jessica Steinlechner, Irene Di Palma, Reinier J. G. Jonker, Fausto Acernese, Kendall Ackley, Christopf Affeldt, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Christopher J Moore, Karl Aaron Gill, James E. Brau, Chloe Gray, Russell Jones, Peter Shawhan, Robert L. Stone, Richard J. McCarthy, David H. Shoemaker, Sang Hoon Oh, Sergey Klimenko, Muhammed Saleem, David J. Hofman, Laura Cadonati, Rajesh Kumble Nayak, K. G. Arun, Bernd Machenschalk, Antonio Pasqualetti, Jerome Degallaix, Federico Ferrini, Richard Abbott, Matthew R. Abernathy, Carl Adams, Rana Adhikari, Vaishali Adya, Michalis Agathos, Nancy Aggarwal, Anirban Ain, Parameswaran Ajith, Annalisa Allocca, Stuart B. Anderson, Warren G. Anderson, Melody C. Araya, Cody C. Arceneaux, Joseph S. Areeda, Nicolas Arnaud, Melanie Ast, Stuart M. Aston, Pia Astone, Peter Aufmuth, Carsten Aulbert, Stanislav V. Babak, Philippe Bacon, Maria Karolina Margit Bader, Paul T. Baker, Francesca Baldaccini, Giulio Ballardin, Stefan W. Ballmer, Juan C. B. Barayoga, Sheena E. Barclay, Barry C. Barish, David Barker, Fabrizio Barone, Lisa Barsotti, Matteo Barsuglia, Dániel Barta, Jeffrey Bartlett, Imre Bartos, Andrea Basti, James C. Batch, Christoph Baune, Marco Bazzan, Berit Behnke, Michał Bejger, Angus S. Bell, Christopher James Bell, Justin Bergman, Gerald Bergmann, Christopher P. L. Berry, Joseph Charles Betzwieser, Swetha Bhagwat, Rohan Bhandare, Irina A. Bilenko, GariLynn Billingsley, Jeremy Birch, Sebastien Biscans, Aparna Bisht, Massimiliano Bitossi, Christopher Biwer, Marie-Anne Bizouard, J. Kent Blackburn, Ryan M. Blair, Steven Bloemen, Oliver Bock, Timothy P. Bodiya, Gilles Bogaert, Christina Bogan, Alejandro Bohé, Péter Bojtos, Charlotte Bond, Romain Bonnand, Boris A. Boom, Rolf Bork, Yann Bouffanais, Antonella Bozzi, Carlo Bradaschia, Patrick R Brady, Vladimir Braginsky, Marica Branchesi, Tristan Briant, Alain Brillet, Marc Brinkmann, Violette Brisson, Patrick Brockill, Daniel David Brown, Nicolas M. Brown, Christopher C. Buchanan, Aaron Buikema, Henk Jan Bulten, Alessandra Buonanno, Damir Buskulic, Christelle Buy, Robert L. Byer, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Craig Cahillane, Jordan B. Camp, Junwei Cao, Eleonora Capocasa, Franco Carbognani, Santiago Caride, Julia Casanueva Diaz, Claudio Casentini, Sarah Elizabeth Caudill, Marco Cavaglià, Fabien Cavalier, Roberto Cavalieri, Giancarlo Cella, Christian B. Cepeda, Rijuparna Chakraborty, Tara Chalermsongsak, Sydney J. Chamberlin, Manleong Chan, Shiuh Chao, Hsin-Yu Chen, Yan-Bei Chen, Chun Cheng, Antonino Chiummo, Hee-Suk Cho, Min-a Cho, Nelson Lloyd Christensen, Qi Chu, Sheon S. Y. Chua, Shinkee Chung, Filiberto Clara, Frédéric Cleva, Pierre-François Cohadon, Alberto Colla, Lynn R. Cominsky, Marcio Constâncio Jr., Andrea Conte, Thomas Randall Corbitt, Neil J. Cornish, Stefano Cortese, Michael Coughlin, Scott Benjamin Coughlin, Jean-Pierre Coulon, Stefan Trklja Countryman, Peter Couvares, Erika E. Cowan, David Martin Coward, Matthew J. Cowart, Dennis Coyne, Robert Coyne, Kieran Craig, Jonathan Cripe, Sarah Gwynne Crowder, Andrew Cumming, Liam Cunningham, Elena Cuoco, Tito Dal Canton, Sabrina D'Antonio, Nicole S. Darman, Vincenzo Dattilo, Ishant Dave, Hernan P. Daveloza, Edward Daw, Richard Day, Soumi De, Daniel DeBra, Samuel Deléglise, Thomas Dent, Hüsne Dereli-Bégué, Vladimir Dergachev, Rosario De Rosa, Ryan Thomas DeRosa, Riccardo DeSalvo, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Mario Claudio Díaz, Matteo Di Giovanni, Alberto Di Lieto, Sibilla Di Pace, Angela DiVirgilio, Goran Dojcinoski, Fred Donovan, Katherine L. Dooley, Suresh Doravari, Rebecca Douglas, Thomas P. Downes, Jennifer C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, Marine Ducrot, Sheila Elizabeth Dwyer, Tega Boro Edo, Anamaria Effler, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Phil Ehrens, Stephen S Eikenberry, William Engels, Reed Essick, Todd Etzel, Ryan Everett, Maxim Factourovich, Viviana Fafone, Hannah Fair, Xilong Fan, Qi Fang, Stefania Farinon, Will M. Farr, Marc Favata, Maxime Fays, Henning Fehrmann, Martin M. Fejer, Elvis C. Ferreira, Irene Fiori, Donatella Fiorucci, Ryan Patrick Fisher, Raffaele Flaminio, Mark Fletcher, Heather Kin Yee Fong, Jean-Daniel Fournier, Samuel Franco, Franco Frasconi, Zsolt Frei, Raymond E. Frey, Valentin Frey, Tobin T. Fricke, Valery Victor Frolov, Paul J. Fulda, Michael Fyffe, Hunter A. Gabbard, Jonathan R. Gair, Luca Gammaitoni, Sharad G. Gaonkar, Fabio Garufi, Gurudatt Gaur, Gianluca Gemme, Eric Genin, Alberto Gennai, Jogy George, Vincent Germain, Shaon Ghosh, Joseph Anthony Giaime, K. Dwayne Giardina, Adalberto Giazotto, Andreas Glaefke, Ryan Goetz, László Gondán, Jose M. Gonzalez Castro, Achamveedu Gopakumar, Neil A. Gordon, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Sarah E. Gossan, Matthieu Gosselin, Romain Gouaty, Christian Graef, Philip B. Graff, Alastair Grant, Slawomir Gras, Giuseppe Greco, Hartmut Grote, Steffen Grunewald, Xiangyu Guo, Anuradha Gupta, Manojipr K. Gupta, Kaitlin E. Gushwa, Joshua J. Hacker, Bernard R. Hall, Evan Hall, Manuela M. Hanke, Jonathan Hanks, Chad Hanna, Mark Douglas Hannam, Joe Hanson, Terra Hardwick, Ian Harry, Martin J. Hart, Michael T. Hartman, Carl-Johan Haster, Karen Haughian, Matthew Carl Heintze, Henrich Heitmann, Patrice Hello, Gary Hemming, Martin A. Hendry, Ik Siong Heng, Jan-Simon Hennig, Alastair W. Heptonstall, Michèle Heurs, Stefan Hild, Daniel Hoak, Kari Alison Hodge, Kathy Holt, Daniel E. Holz, Paul Hopkins, David J. Hosken, James Hough, Ewan A. Houston, Yi-Ming Hu, Shu-Yu Huang, Dominique Huet, Brennan Hughey, Sascha Husa, Sabina H. Huttner, Tien Huynh-Dinh, Ashikuzzaman Idrisy, Nathaniel Indik, Ra Inta, Hafizah N. Isa, Jean-Michel Isac, Maximiliano Isi, Gabriel Islas, Tomoki Isogai, Bala R. Iyer, Kiwamu Izumi, Thibaut Jacqmin, Haengjin Jang, Karan Jani, Sharat Jawahar, Warren Wilmer Johnson, David Ian Jones, M. K. Haris, Chinmay Vasudev Kalaghatgi, Shivaraj Kandhasamy, Gung-Won Kang, Jonah B. Kanner, Sudarshan Karki, Marie Kasprzack, Erik Katsavounidis, William Katzman, Steffen Kaufer, Tejinder Kaur, Keita Kawabe, Fumiko Kawazoe, Fabien Kéfélian, Marcel S. Kehl, David Bruce Kelley, William Kells, Ross J. Kennedy, Joey Shapiro Key, Farit Y. Khalili, Imran Khan, Zaki A. Khan, Efim A. Khazanov, Nutsinee Kijbunchoo, Chi-Woong Kim, Jaewan Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Namjun Kim, Young-Min Kim, Eleanor Jean King, Peter J. King, David L. Kinzel, Jeffrey S. Kissel, Lisa Kleybolte, Sina Maria Koehlenbeck, Keiko Kokeyama, Soumen Koley, Veronica Kondrashov, Antonios Kontos, Mikhail Korobko, William Z. Korth, Dan B. Kozak, Volker Kringel, Andrzej Królak, Christoph Krueger, Gerrit Kuehn, Ling-Chi Kuo, Adam Kutynia, Benjamin D. Lackey, Michael R. Landry, Jacob Lange, Brian Thomas Lantz, Albert Lazzarini, Paola Leaci, Sean Leavey, Eric O. Lebigot, Chang-Hwan Lee, Hyun-Kyu Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, Kyung-Ha Lee, Amber K. Lenon, Jonathan R. Leong, Nicolas Leroy, Nicolas Letendre, Yuri Levin, Bruce Martin Levine, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Adam Libson, Tyson B. Littenberg, Nick A. Lockerbie, Joshua Logue, Alexander L. Lombardi, Jaysin E. Lord, Vincent Loriette, Marc Doug Lormand, James D. Lough, Harald Lück, Jialun Luo, Yiqiu Ma, Timothy MacDonald, Myron MacInnis, Duncan M. MacLeod, Ryan M. Magee, Mohana Mageswaran, Ivan Maksimovic, Valeria Malvezzi, Catherine Nary Man, Ilya Mandel, Vuk Mandic, Georgia L. Mansell, Michael Manske, Maddalena Mantovani, Fabio Marchesoni, Frédérique Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Zsuzsanna Marka, Ashot S. Markosyan, Edward Maros, Filippo Martelli, Lionel Martellini, Iain Martin, Rodica M. Martin, Jay N. Marx, Kenneth R. Mason, Alain Masserot, Thomas J. Massinger, Luca Matone, Nairwita Mazumder, Giulio Mazzolo, Scott McCormick, Stephen C. McGuire, Gary McIntyre, Jess McIver, David J. McManus, Sean T. McWilliams, Duncan Meacher, Grant David Meadors, Jeroen Meidam, Gregory Mendell, Robert A. Mercer, Edmond L. Merilh, Mourad Merzougui, Sydney Meshkov, Cody Messick, Patrick Meyers, Federica Mezzani, Christophe Michel, Hannah Middleton, Margaret Millhouse, Yury Minenkov, Jing Ming, Saeed Mirshekari, Valeriy P. Mitrofanov, Andrea Moggi, Martin Mohan, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Matteo Montani, Dan Moraru, Gerardo Moreno, Sean R. Morriss, Kasem Mossavi, Benoit Mours, Chris L. Mueller, Guido Mueller, Alistair W. Muir, Debnandini Mukherjee, Nikhil Mukund, Adam Mullavey, Jesper Munch, Peter G. Murray, Antonis Mytidis, Ilaria Nardecchia, Valentin Necula, Kalina V. Nedkova, Martina Neri, Ansel Neunzert, Gavin Newton, Thanh T. Nguyen, Flavio Nocera, David Nolting, Marc E. N. Normandin, Jason Oberling, Evan Ochsner, Joseph O’Dell, Gregory H. Ogin, John J. Oh, Frank Ohme, Miquel Oliver, Patrick Oppermann, Richard J. Oram, Brian O'Reilly, David J. Ottaway, Richard S. Ottens, Harry Overmier, Benjamin J. Owen, Archana Pai, Siddhesh Arun Pai, Jordan R. Palamos, Oleg Palashov, Cristiano Palomba, Amrit Pal-Singh, Howard Pan, Christopher Paul Pankow, Brijesh Chandra Pant, Andrea Paoli, M. Alessandra Papa, Hugo R. Paris, William Parker, Daniela Pascucci, Diego Passuello, Zachary Patrick, Brynley L. Pearlstone, Michael Pedraza, Richard Pedurand, Larne Pekowsky, Arnaud Pele, Steven D. Penn, Antonio Perreca, Margot Hensler Hennig, Mikhael Pichot, Gabriel Pillant, Laurent Pinard, Pasquale Popolizio, Alexander Post, Jade Powell, Jayanti Prasad, Valeriu Predoi, Sammanani S. Premachandra, Tanner Prestegard, Larry R. Price, Mirko Prijatelj, Stephen Privitera, Giovanni Andrea Prodi, Leonid G. Prokhorov, Oliver Puncken, Michele Punturo, Paola Puppo, Michael Pürrer, Hong Qi, Jiayi Qin, Frederick J. Raab, David S. Rabeling, Hugh Radkins, Peter Raffai, Sendhil Raja, Malik Rakhmanov, Virginia Re, Jocelyn Read, Cyrus M. Reed, Tania Regimbau, Luca Rei, Stuart Reid, David Reitze, Hunter Rew, Steven D. Reyes, Keith Riles, Norna Anne Robertson, Raymond Robie, Florent Robinet, Loïc Rolland, Jameson Graef Rollins, Vincent J. Roma, Gleb Romanov, Janeen H. Romie, Dorota Rosińska, Sheila Rowan, Albrecht Rüdiger, Paolo Ruggi, Kyle Ryan, Surabhi Sachdev, Travis Sadecki, Laleh Sadeghian, Livio Salconi, Anuradha Samajdar, Letizia Sammut, Laura Mae Sampson, Eduardo Javier Sanchez, Vernon D. Sandberg, Benjamin Sandeen, Jaclyn R. Sanders, Benoit Sassolas, Bangalore S. Sathyaprakash, Peter R. Saulson, Richard L. Savage, Andreas Sawadsky, Paul Schale, Roland Schilling, Robert M. S. Schofield, Axel Schönbeck, Emil Schreiber, Dirk Schuette, Daniel Sellers, Anand S. Sengupta, Daniel Sentenac, Valeria Sequino, Alexander Sergeev, Gabriela Serna, Yoshinta Setyawati, Aaron Sevigny, Daniel A. Shaddock, Sweta Shah, Mohamd Selim Shahriar, Miroslav Shaltev, Zhenhua Shao, Brett Noah Shapiro, Alec Sheperd, Deirdre M. Shoemaker, Karelle Siellez, Xavier Siemens, Allan D. Silva, Dmitry Simakov, Abe Singer, Leo Singer, Avneet Singh, Robinjeet Singh, Akshat Singhal, Alicia Magdalena Sintes, Rory J. E. Smith, Edwin J. Son, Tarun Souradeep, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Alexa N. Staley, Michael Steinke, Daniel Steinmeyer, Branson C. Stephens, Simon Stevenson, Kenneth Strain, Nathaniel A. Strauss, Sergey E. Strigin, Riccardo Sturani, Tiffany Z. Summerscales, Ling Sun, Patrick J. Sutton, Marek J. Szczepańczyk, Matteo Tacca, Sergey P. Tarabrin, Andrea Taracchini, Thomas Theeg, Manasadevi P. Thirugnanasambandam, E. Gareth Thomas, Michael Thomas, Patrick Thomas, Keith Alan Thorne, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Vaibhav Tiwari, Clive Tomlinson, Cristina V. Torres, Calum I. Torrie, Daniel Töyrä, Gary Traylor, Daniele Trifirò, Maria Concetta Tringali, Lucia Trozzo, Maggie Tse, Margherita Turconi, Darkhan Tuyenbayev, C.S. Unnikrishnan, Alex L. Urban, Samantha A. Usman, Henning Vahlbruch, Guillermo Valdes, Michele Vallisneri, Niels van Bakel, Martin van Beuzekom, Johannes van den Brand, Chris Van Den Broeck, Daniel Christopher Vander-Hyde, Laura van der Schaaf, Anna-Maria A van Veggel, Marco Vardaro, Steve Vass, Mátyás Vasúth, Ruslan Vaulin, Peter J. Veitch, Krishna Venkateswara, Didier Verkindt, Andrea Viceré, Serena Vinciguerra, David J. Vine, Jean-Yves Vinet, Salvatore Vitale, Thomas Vo, Cheryl Vorvick, Daniel Valentin Voss, Will D. Vousden, Sergey Vyatchanin, Leslie Wade, Madeline Wade, Marissa Walker, Larry Wallace, Gang Wang, Haoyu Wang, Mengyao Wang, Xiaoge Wang, Yan Wang, Jim Warner, Michal Was, Betsy Weaver, Li-Wei Wei, Michael Weinert, Timothy Welborn, Peter Weßels, Tobias Westphal, Darren J. White, Roy D. Williams, Andrew R. Williamson, Joshua L. Willis, Maximilian H. Wimmer, Walter Winkler, Christopher C. Wipf, Holger Wittel, John Worden, Jennifer L. Wright, Guimin Wu, Joshua Yablon, William Yam, Hiroaki Yamamoto, Cregg C. Yancey, Min Jet Yap, Hang Yu, Michel Yvert, Adam Zadrożny, Lisa Zangrando, Michele Zanolin, Jean-Pierre Zendri, Liyuan Zhang, Mi Zhang, Yuan-Hao Zhang, Minchuan Zhou, Zifan Zhou, Michael E Zucker, Sarah E. Zuraw, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Blake C. Moore, Nicolas D. Smith, Fan Zhang, Justus Schmidt, Matthew C. Edwards, Sergio Frasca, Sanjit Mitra, Alex B. Nielsen, Matthew Evans, Joshua R. Smith, James A. Clark, Thomas M. Evans, Edward K. Porter, Virgo Collaboration

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