Improved Upper Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from 2009–2010 LIGO and Virgo Data

scientific article published in December 2014

Author/s

author: Paolo Addesso, Odylio D. Aguiar, Odylio D. Aguiar, Bruce Allen, Koji Arai, Carsten Aulbert, Bryan Barr, Diego Bersanetti, David Blair, Michel Boër, François Bondu, Patrick R Brady, Aidan Brooks, Enrico Calloni, Kipp Cannon, Collin Capano, Elisabetta Cesarini, Shiuh Chao, Philip Charlton, Andrea Chincarini, Jong H. Chow, Eugenio Coccia, Christophe Collette, Cesar Costa, Elena Cuoco, Stefan Danilishin, Gareth S Davies, Walter Del Pozzo, Timo Denker, Alberto Di Lieto, Angela DiVirgilio, Marco Drago, Zhihui Du, Stephen Fairhurst, Isidoro Ferrante, Lee Samuel Finn, Andreas Freise, Raymond E. Frey, Fabio Garufi, Massimo Granata, Paul J. Groot, Gianluca Guidi, Giles D. Hammond, Jan Harms, Antoine Heidmann, Michèle Heurs, Eric Howell, Yi-Ming Hu, Eliu A. Huerta, Sascha Husa, Piotr Jaranowski, Li Ju, Peter Kalmus, Alexander Khalaidovski, Paul Lasky, Claudia Lazzaro, Sean Leavey, Matteo Leonardi, Matteo Lorenzini, Giovanni Losurdo, Ettore Majorana, Ilya Mandel, Thomas J. Massinger, David E. McClelland, Chris J. Messenger, Haixing Miao, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Chandra Kant Mishra, Sanjit Mitra, Conor M Mow-Lowry, David J. Murphy, Luca Naticchioni, Gijs Nelemans, Alexander Harvey Nitz, Richard O'Shaughnessy, Benjamin J. Owen, Roberto Passaquieti, Francesco Piergiovanni, Vincenzo Pierro, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Matthew D. Pitkin, Rosa Poggiani, Jade Powell, Giovanni Andrea Prodi, Eric A. Quintero, Piero Rapagnani, Fulvio P. Ricci, Alessio Rocchi, Francesco Salemi, Daniel Sigg, Bram Slagmolen, Borja Sorazu, Simon Stevenson, Kenneth Strain, Amber L. Stuver, Bas L. Swinkels, David B. Tanner, Eric Thrane, Flavio Travasso, Gabriele Vajente, Joris van Heijningen, Alberto Vecchio, Gabriele Vedovato, Andrea Viceré, Salvatore Vitale, Helios Vocca, Robert L. Ward, Linqing Wen, John T. Whelan, Benno Willke, Graham Woan, Chunnong Zhao, Xing-Jiang Zhu, John Zweizig, Michel Davier, Mauro Tonelli, Robert Taylor, Vasiliki Kalogera, Gabriela González, Ronald Drever, Bernard F. Schutz, Roman Schnabel, Nergis Mavalvala, Volker Quetschke, Dennis Ugolini, Richard K. Mittleman, Peter Fritschel, Andrew Melatos, Benjamin P. Abbott, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Todd Adams, Gergely Debreczeni, Éric Chassande-Mottin, Karsten Danzmann, Zsuzsanna Marka, Eric K. Gustafson, Joseph Charles Betzwieser, Fausto Acernese, Peter Aufmuth, James E. Brau, Sukanta Bose, Ryan Quitzow-James, Chloe Gray, Jason S. Lewis, Russell Jones, Peter Shawhan, Robert L. Stone, Richard J. McCarthy, Michael Coughlin, Nancy Aggarwal, Michael Pedraza, Jennifer C. Driggers, Matthew R. Abernathy, Rana Adhikari, Lynn R. Cominsky, Sebastian Steinlechner, David H. Shoemaker, Sang Hoon Oh, Sergey Klimenko, Vladimir A. Litvine, Laura Cadonati, Rajesh Kumble Nayak, Bernd Machenschalk, Antonio Pasqualetti, Jerome Degallaix, Peter J. Veitch, Pia Astone, Juan C. B. Barayoga, Charles Celerier, Federico Ferrini, Junaid Aasi, Richard Abbott, Thomas D. Abbott, Kendall Ackley, Carl Adams, Christopf Affeldt, Michalis Agathos, Anirban Ain, Parameswaran Ajith, Almir Alemic, Annalisa Allocca, Daniel V. Amariutei, Marvin Andersen, Stuart B. Anderson, Warren G. Anderson, Melody C. Araya, Cody C. Arceneaux, Joseph S. Areeda, Stuart M. Aston, Benjamin E. Aylott, Stanislav V. Babak, Paul T. Baker, Giulio Ballardin, Stefan W. Ballmer, Mark Barbet, Barry C. Barish, David Barker, Fabrizio Barone, Lisa Barsotti, Matteo Barsuglia, Mark Andrew Barton, Imre Bartos, Riccardo Bassiri, Andrea Basti, James C. Batch, Thomas S. Bauer, Berit Behnke, Michał Bejger, Krzysztof Belczynski, Angus S. Bell, Christopher James Bell, Gerald Bergmann, Alessandro Bertolini, Irina A. Bilenko, GariLynn Billingsley, Jeremy Birch, Sebastien Biscans, Massimiliano Bitossi, Marie-Anne Bizouard, J. Kent Blackburn, Lindy Blackburn, Steven Bloemen, Oliver Bock, Timothy P. Bodiya, Gilles Bogaert, Christina Bogan, Charlotte Bond, Laura Bonelli, Romain Bonnand, Rolf Bork, Michael Born, Valerio Boschi, Carlo Bradaschia, Vladimir Braginsky, Marica Branchesi, Tristan Briant, Derek O. Bridges, Alain Brillet, Marc Brinkmann, Violette Brisson, Duncan A. Brown, Daniel David Brown, Sasha Buchman, Tomasz Bulik, Henk Jan Bulten, Alessandra Buonanno, Damir Buskulic, Christelle Buy, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Juan Calderon Bustillo, Jordan B. Camp, Junwei Cao, Franco Carbognani, Santiago Caride, Sarah Elizabeth Caudill, Marco Cavaglià, Fabien Cavalier, Roberto Cavalieri, Giancarlo Cella, Christian B. Cepeda, Rijuparna Chakraborty, Tara Chalermsongsak, Sydney J. Chamberlin, Xu Chen, Yan-Bei Chen, Antonino Chiummo, Hee-Suk Cho, Nelson Lloyd Christensen, Qi Chu, Sheon S. Y. Chua, Shinkee Chung, Giacomo Ciani, Filiberto Clara, James A. Clark, Frédéric Cleva, Pierre-François Cohadon, Alberto Colla, Marzia Colombini, Marcio Constâncio Jr., Andrea Conte, Douglas Cook, Thomas Randall Corbitt, Neil J. Cornish, Alessandra Corsi, Scott Benjamin Coughlin, Jean-Pierre Coulon, Stefan Trklja Countryman, Peter Couvares, David Martin Coward, Matthew J. Cowart, Dennis Coyne, Robert Coyne, Kieran Craig, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Sarah Gwynne Crowder, Andrew Cumming, Liam Cunningham, Katrin Dahl, Tito Dal Canton, Marcin D. Damjanic, Sabrina D'Antonio, Vincenzo Dattilo, Hernan P. Daveloza, Edward Daw, Richard Day, Samuel Deléglise, Thomas Dent, Hüsne Dereli-Bégué, Vladimir Dergachev, Rosario De Rosa, Ryan Thomas DeRosa, Riccardo DeSalvo, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Mario Claudio Díaz, Luciano Di Fiore, Irene Di Palma, Fred Donovan, Katherine L. Dooley, Suresh Doravari, Rebecca Douglas, Thomas P. Downes, Sheila Elizabeth Dwyer, Tobias Eberle, Tega Boro Edo, Mark Edwards, Anamaria Effler, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Phil Ehrens, Johannes Eichholz, Stephen S Eikenberry, Reed Essick, Todd Etzel, Matthew Evans, Thomas M. Evans, Maxim Factourovich, Viviana Fafone, Qi Fang, Stefania Farinon, Benjamin F. Farr, Will M. Farr, Marc Favata, Henning Fehrmann, Martin M. Fejer, David Feldbaum, Francesco Fidecaro, Irene Fiori, Ryan Patrick Fisher, Raffaele Flaminio, Jean-Daniel Fournier, Samuel Franco, Sergio Frasca, Franco Frasconi, Maik Frede, Zsolt Frei, Tobin T. Fricke, Valery Victor Frolov, Paul J. Fulda, Michael Fyffe, Jonathan R. Gair, Luca Gammaitoni, Sharad G. Gaonkar, Neil Gehrels, Gianluca Gemme, Eric Genin, Alberto Gennai, Shaon Ghosh, Joseph Anthony Giaime, K. Dwayne Giardina, Adalberto Giazotto, Joseph R. Gleason, Evan Goetz, Ryan Goetz, László Gondán, Neil A. Gordon, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Sarah E. Gossan, Stefan Goßler, Romain Gouaty, Christian Graef, Philip B. Graff, Alastair Grant, Slawomir Gras, R. Justin S. Greenhalgh, Andri M. Gretarsson, Hartmut Grote, Katherine Grover, Steffen Grunewald, Christopher J. Guido, Kaitlin E. Gushwa, Richard Gustafson, David Hammer, Manuela M. Hanke, Jonathan Hanks, Chad Hanna, Joe Hanson, Gregory M. Harry, Ian Harry, Martin J. Hart, Michael T. Hartman, Carl-Johan Haster, Karen Haughian, Matthew Carl Heintze, Henrich Heitmann, Patrice Hello, Gary Hemming, Martin A. Hendry, Ik Siong Heng, Alastair W. Heptonstall, Martin R. Hewitson, Stefan Hild, Daniel Hoak, Kari Alison Hodge, Kathy Holt, Paul Hopkins, David J. Hosken, James Hough, Brennan Hughey, Sabina H. Huttner, Marie Huynh, Tien Huynh-Dinh, Dale R. Ingram, Ra Inta, Tomoki Isogai, Bala R. Iyer, Kiwamu Izumi, Mindy B. Jacobson, Haengjin Jang, Yingsheng Ji, Francisco Jiménez-Forteza, Warren Wilmer Johnson, David Ian Jones, Reinier J. G. Jonker, M. K. Haris, Shivaraj Kandhasamy, Gung-Won Kang, Jonah B. Kanner, John L. Karlen, Marie Kasprzack, Erik Katsavounidis, William Katzman, Henning Kaufer, Keita Kawabe, Fumiko Kawazoe, Fabien Kéfélian, G. M. Keiser, David Keitel, David Bruce Kelley, William Kells, Farit Y. Khalili, Efim A. Khazanov, Chi-Woong Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Namjun Kim, Nam-Gyu Kim, Young-Min Kim, Eleanor Jean King, Peter J. King, David L. Kinzel, Jeffrey S. Kissel, Jeffery T. Kline, Sina Maria Koehlenbeck, Keiko Kokeyama, Veronica Kondrashov, William Z. Korth, Izabela Kowalska, Dan B. Kozak, Volker Kringel, Andrzej Królak, Gerrit Kuehn, Ajai Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Ling-Chi Kuo, Adam Kutynia, Michael R. Landry, Brian Thomas Lantz, Albert Lazzarini, Paola Leaci, Eric O. Lebigot, Chang-Hwan Lee, Hyun-Kyu Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, Junghyun Paul Lee, Jonathan R. Leong, Nicolas Leroy, Nicolas Letendre, Yuri Levin, Bruce Martin Levine, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, Adam Libson, Angie C. Lin, Tyson B. Littenberg, Nick A. Lockerbie, Veronica Lockett, Deepali Lodhia, Joshua Logue, Alexander L. Lombardi, Vincent Loriette, Marc Doug Lormand, James D. Lough, Mark J. Lubinski, Harald Lück, Andrew Lundgren, Ryan Lynch, Yiqiu Ma, John Macarthur, Erin P. Macdonald, Timothy MacDonald, Myron MacInnis, Duncan M. MacLeod, Fabian Magaña-Sandoval, Mohana Mageswaran, Cesar Maglione, Ken Mailand, Ivan Maksimovic, Valeria Malvezzi, Catherine Nary Man, Vuk Mandic, Valentina Mangano, Nicholas M. Mangini, Maddalena Mantovani, Fabio Marchesoni, Frédérique Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Ashot S. Markosyan, Edward Maros, Filippo Martelli, Iain Martin, Rodica M. Martin, Denis V. Martynov, Jay N. Marx, Kenneth R. Mason, Alain Masserot, Fabrice Matichard, Luca Matone, Nairwita Mazumder, Giulio Mazzolo, Stephen C. McGuire, Gary McIntyre, Jess McIver, Kevin McLin, Duncan Meacher, Grant David Meadors, Moritz Mehmet, Jeroen Meidam, Melanie Meinders, Gregory Mendell, Robert A. Mercer, Sydney Meshkov, Patrick Meyers, Christophe Michel, Leopoldo Milano, John Miller, Yury Minenkov, Valeriy P. Mitrofanov, Brian Moe, Martin Mohan, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Dan Moraru, Gerardo Moreno, Sean R. Morriss, Kasem Mossavi, Benoit Mours, Chris L. Mueller, Guido Mueller, Soma Mukherjee, Adam Mullavey, Jesper Munch, Peter G. Murray, Antonis Mytidis, Máté Ferenc Nagy, Ilaria Nardecchia, Valentin Necula, Martina Neri, Gavin Newton, Thanh T. Nguyen, Flavio Nocera, David Nolting, Marc E. N. Normandin, Laura Kate Nuttall, Evan Ochsner, Joseph O’Dell, Eric Oelker, John J. Oh, Frank Ohme, Patrick Oppermann, Brian O'Reilly, Charles Osthelder, David J. Ottaway, Richard S. Ottens, Harry Overmier, Cinthia T. Padilla, Archana Pai, Oleg Palashov, Cristiano Palomba, Howard Pan, Yi Pan, Christopher Paul Pankow, Federico Paoletti, Hugo R. Paris, Diego Passuello, Steven D. Penn, Antonio Perreca, Margot Hensler Hennig, Mikhael Pichot, Michaela Pickenpack, Laurent Pinard, Jan H. Poeld, Anatoly Poteomkin, Jayanti Prasad, Sammanani S. Premachandra, Tanner Prestegard, Larry R. Price, Mirko Prijatelj, Stephen Privitera, Leonid G. Prokhorov, Oliver Puncken, Michele Punturo, Paola Puppo, Jiayi Qin, Gonzalo D. Quiroga, Frederick J. Raab, David S. Rabeling, István Rácz, Hugh Radkins, Peter Raffai, Sendhil Raja, Gurumurthy Rajalakshmi, Malik Rakhmanov, Karla Elizabeth Ramirez, Vivien Raymond, Virginia Re, Jocelyn Read, Cyrus M. Reed, Tania Regimbau, Stuart Reid, David Reitze, Elaine Rhoades, Keith Riles, Norna Anne Robertson, Florent Robinet, Loïc Rolland, Jameson Graef Rollins, Joseph D. Romano, Rocco Romano, Gleb Romanov, Janeen H. Romie, Dorota Rosińska, Sheila Rowan, Albrecht Rüdiger, Paolo Ruggi, Kyle Ryan, Letizia Sammut, Vernon D. Sandberg, Jaclyn R. Sanders, Virginio Sannibale, Ignacio Santiago-Prieto, Benoit Sassolas, Bangalore S. Sathyaprakash, Peter R. Saulson, Richard L. Savage, Jacob Scheuer, Roland Schilling, Robert M. S. Schofield, Emil Schreiber, Dirk Schuette, Jamie Scott, Susan Scott, Daniel Sellers, Anand S. Sengupta, Daniel Sentenac, Valeria Sequino, Alexander Sergeev, Daniel A. Shaddock, Sweta Shah, Mohamd Selim Shahriar, Miroslav Shaltev, Brett Noah Shapiro, Trevor L. Sidery, Karelle Siellez, Xavier Siemens, Dmitry Simakov, Abe Singer, Leo Singer, Robinjeet Singh, Alicia Magdalena Sintes, Jacob Slutsky, Joshua R. Smith, Michael R. Smith, Rory J. E. Smith, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, Edwin J. Son, Tarun Souradeep, Alexa N. Staley, Jonathan Stebbins, Jessica Steinlechner, Branson C. Stephens, Szymon Steplewski, Nicolas Straniero, Sergey E. Strigin, Riccardo Sturani, Tiffany Z. Summerscales, Patrick J. Sutton, Matteo Tacca, Dipongkar Talukder, Sergey P. Tarabrin, Manasadevi P. Thirugnanasambandam, Michael Thomas, Patrick Thomas, Keith Alan Thorne, Kip S. Thorne, Vaibhav Tiwari, Kirill V. Tokmakov, Clive Tomlinson, Cristina V. Torres, Calum I. Torrie, Gary Traylor, Maggie Tse, C.S. Unnikrishnan, Alex L. Urban, Henning Vahlbruch, Guillermo Valdes, Michele Vallisneri, Johannes van den Brand, Chris Van Den Broeck, Marc V. van der Sluys, Anna-Maria A van Veggel, Steve Vass, Mátyás Vasúth, Ruslan Vaulin, John Veitch, Krishna Venkateswara, Didier Verkindt, Flavio Vetrano, Rachel Vincent-Finley, Jean-Yves Vinet, Thomas Vo, Cheryl Vorvick, Will D. Vousden, Andrew Wade, Leslie Wade, Madeline Wade, Marissa Walker, Larry Wallace, Mengyao Wang, Xiaoge Wang, Michal Was, Betsy Weaver, Li-Wei Wei, Michael Weinert, Alan J. Weinstein, Rainer Weiss, Timothy Welborn, Peter Weßels, Tobias Westphal, Karl Wette, Darren J. White, Bernard F Whiting, Carol Ann Wilkinson, K. J. Williams, Luke Williams, Roy D. Williams, Andrew R. Williamson, Joshua L. Willis, Maximilian H. Wimmer, Walter Winkler, Christopher C. Wipf, Holger Wittel, John Worden, Joshua Yablon, Igor V. Yakushin, Hiroaki Yamamoto, Cregg C. Yancey, Michel Yvert, Adam Zadrożny, Michele Zanolin, Jean-Pierre Zendri, Fan Zhang, Liyuan Zhang, Michael E Zucker, Sarah E. Zuraw, Timothée Accadia, Robert A. Anderson, Lisa Austin, Joeran Bauchrowitz, Mark G. Beker, Peter T. Beyersdorf, Eric Black, Matheus Blom, Leone B. Bosi, Frank Brückner, Ronald R. Burman, Paul Campsie, Benjamin Canuel, Ludovico Carbone, Anthony Castiglia, Mark Cordier, Alexander Corpuz, Thilina Dayanga, Andreas Donath, Scott Dossa, Gabor Tamas Endrőczi, Farhan Feroz, Colin Gill, Emelie D. Harstad, Shaun Hooper, Alexander Ivanov, Eric James, Scott Koranda, Anthony Kremin, Patrick Kwee, Craig Lawrie, Adrien Le Roux, Kevin Michael Loew, Erik Luijten, Gian-Mario Manca, Julien Marque, Luigi Martinelli, Richard Matzner, Susanne Milde, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Philipp Moesta, Nazario Morgado, Deepak Nanda Kumar, Riccardo Paoletti, Celine R. Ramet, Michael Rodruck, Emeline Saracco, Laura Sperandio, David James Stops, Sunil Susmithan, Adriaan P. 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