Evidence for the Collective Nature of Radial Flow in Pb + Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector

scientific article published on 22 January 2026

Author/s

author: Georges Aad, Erlend Aakvaag, Braden Keim Abbott, Sara Abdelhameed, Kira Abeling, Nils Julius Abicht, Abidi Syed Haider, Mohammed Abdelrazek Aboelela, Asmaa Aboulhorma, Pavel Řezníček, Marco Sessa, Laura Gonella, Calin Alexa, Troels Christian Petersen, Jilberto Zamora-Saa, Robert Astalos, Yohei Yamaguchi, Peter Henrik Hansen, Zoya Karpova, Yuji Yamazaki, Andrea Formica, Christos Vergis, Tatsuya Masubuchi, Nikolaos Konstantinidis, Oxana Smirnova, Massimo Lazzaroni, Steven D. Worm, Ruth Poettgen, Sebastian Grinstein, Zvi Citron, Sascha Caron, Halina Abramowitz, Alessandro Tricoli, Mauro Villa, Jan-Hendrik Arling, Deng-Feng Zhang, Mario Paolo Giordani, Karel Smolek, Konstantinos Ntekas, Salvador Marti-Garcia, Fernando Barreiro, Elham E. Khoda, Joany Andreina Manjarrés Ramos, Sanha Cheong, Beojan Stanislaus, Peter Loch, Konstantinos Bachas, Serkant Ali Çetin, Gianluca Alimonti, Frank Ellinghaus, Jens Weingarten, Ryu Sawada, Giuseppe Callea, Kevin E Varvell, Bakar Chargeishvili, Philip Sommer, Tobias Golling, Archil Durglishvili, Stefania Stucci, Seth C. Zenz, Andreas Warburton, Djamel Boumediene, Frank Winklmeier, John Stupak III, Monica D'Onofrio, Aleandro Nisati, Sarah Heim, Dominik Derendarz, Riccardo Maria Bianchi, Farida Fassi, Laurent Schoeffel, Arka Santra, Jana Faltova, Takuya Nobe, Teng Jian Khoo, Masahiro Kuze, Marie-Helene Genest, Allen Mincer, Yann Coadou, Katharine J. C. Leney, Heather Russell, Juerg Beringer, José Ocariz, Alexander Held, Marina Rotaru, Giancarlo Panizzo, Andrew D. Pilkington, Thi Ngoc Loan Truong, Arno Straessner, Trevor Vickey, Emma Torró Pastor, Jason Nielsen, Janusz Chwastowski, Yury Smirnov, Hideyuki Oide, Christos Leonidopoulos, Sebastian Mario Weber, Ester Ricci, Faig Ahmadov, Flavia De Almeida Dias, Arnaud Duperrin, Sinead Farrington, Deepak Kar, Laurent Chevalier, Masato Aoki, Ki Lie, Marcella Bona, Liza Mijović, Hans Peter Beck, Maximilian Swiatlowski, Ryan Justin Atkin, Marco Bruschi, Aashaq Shah, Evelin Bakos, Tomáš Jakoubek, Wade C. Fisher, Yusheng Wu, Mikhail Levchenko, Justin Albert, Stefano Camarda, Osamu Jinnouchi, Patrick Rieck, Władysław Dąbrowski, Liron Barak, Tomáš Davídek, George Iakovidis, Stephen Jiggins, Richard Keeler, Robert Kowalewski, Nuno F. Castro, Khalil Bouaouda, Nikola Makovec, Jacob Kempster, Wolfgang Walkowiak, Michael Begel, Alexandros Marantis, Paul Dervan, Georges Azuelos, Alison Lister, Didier Ferrere, Melissa Franklin, Krisztian Peters, Pavel Starovoitov, Marcin W. Wolter, Saverio D'Auria, Gaogalalwe Mokgatitswane, Ellis F. Kay, Evangelos Kourlitis, Ning Zhou, Siqi Yang, Giuliano Gustavino, William J. Murray, Jos C. Vermeulen, Sergio Grancagnolo, Tim Adye, Liang Li, Maciej Lewicki, Paolo Camarri, Marcel Vos, Harald Fox, Oana Vickey Boeriu, Steven Schramm, Ruggero Turra, Craig M. Buttar, Thu Le Ha Pham, Carmen García, Fabian Hügging, Marcos Vinicius Silva Oliveira, Christopher Pollard, Philipp J. Windischhofer, Matei-Eugen Vasile, Laura Pereira Sánchez, Dongshuo Du, J V Da Fonseca Pinto, Jiangyong Jia, Stephane Willocq, Shahzad Ali, Rahul Balasubramanian, Eric Ballabene, Mohamed Belfkir, Panagiotis Bellos, Romain Bouquet, Diallo Boye, Diptaparna Biswas, Somadutta Bhatta, Florencia Luciana Castillo, Antonio Carbone, Giuseppe Carratta, Jay Chan, Yuan-Tang Chou, Simone Coelli, Mário José Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, María José Costa, Tomas Dado, Valerio Dao, Otilia Anamaria Ducu, Chris Malena Delitzsch, Yassine El Ghazali, Mohammed Faraj, Jens Dopke, Ioan-Mihail Dinu, Marvin M. Flores, Dominik Duda, Binbin Dong, Jordy Degens, Marcello Fanti, Andrea Di Luca, Ali El Moussaouy, Matteo D'uffizi, Katherine Elaine Dunne, Gabriella Gaudio, Guglielmo Frattari, Christina Dimitriadi, Paul Gessinger-Befurt, Aishik Ghosh, Eirik Gramstad, Ingrid-Maria Gregor, Michael Donald Hank, Yuxiang Guo, Luis Felipe Gutierrez Zagazeta, Jelena Jovicevic, Eleanor Jones, James Geddy Heinlein, Martina Javurkova, Jonathan Jamieson, Raphael Alain Hulsken, Shigeki Hirose, Lukas Alexander Heinrich, Wasikul Islam, Toshiaki Kaji, Lucas Klein, Tomas Komarek, Daniela Maria Koeck, Matthew Henry Klein, Bryan Kortman, Audrey Katherine Kvam, Neelam Kumari, Clara Elisabeth Leitgeb, Blaž Leban, Mukesh Kumar, Zhelun Li, Shu Li, Ming-Yi Liu, Iacopo Longarini, Alvaro Lopez Solis, Fabio Lucio Alves, Xiaotian Liu, Oliver Majerský, Pablo Martínez-Agulló, Lucia Masetti, Stefano Manzoni, Davide Malito, Ioannis Michail Maniatis, Luca Martinelli, Marija Marjanovic, Victor Sorin Martoiu, Jessica E. Metcalfe, António Manuel Mendes Jacques Da Costa, Hannes Mildner, Ashley Ellen McDougall, Lingxin Meng, Claudia Merlassino, Tetiana Moskalets, Brian Moser, Javier Montejo Berlingen, Ovidiu Miu, Davide Pietro Mungo, Filip Nechansky, Josep Navarro-González, Carlos Moreno Martínez, Roman Mueller, Joshua Moss, Santu Mondal, Hajime Nanjo, Tong Qiu, Ole Røhne, Harish Potti, Tadej Novak, Martina Laura Ojeda, Giulia Ripellino, Sergi Rodríguez Boscà, Miguel Ángel Príncipe Martín, John Andrew Raine, Katherine Pachal, Nurcan Öztürk, Nikiforos Nikiforou, Santosh Parajuli, Silvia Resconi, Kunlin Ran, Ana Paula Pereira Peixoto, Luis Pascual Domínguez, André Rummler, Andrey Ryzhov, Eleonora Rossi, Marino Romano, Nikolai A. Rusakovich, Nikolaos Rompotis, Adrian Salvador Salas, Masahiko Saito, Merve Şahinsoy, Andrea Sciandra, Kamal A. Saoucha, Antonello Sbrizzi, Jay Ajitbhai Sandesara, Kevin Sedlaczek, Abhishek S. Sharma, Shaojun Sun, Sahibjeet Singh, Giordon Holtsberg Stark, Dong Su, Emily Anne Thompson, Mark C. Stockton, Khuram Tariq, Sukanya Sinha, Supriya Sinha, Shalu Solomon, Zainab Soumaimi, Sinem Şimşek, Juan Terrón, Thomas James Stevenson, Sarka Todorova-Nova, Ismet Siral, Carlo Varni, Damiano Vannicola, Micael Veríssimo de Araújo, Camilla Vittori, Yingjie Wei, Eftychia Tzovara, İlkay Türk Çakır, Pablo Augusto Ulloa Poblete, Zirui Wang, Valentina Vecchio, Tal Roelof Van Daalen, Xiaoning Wang, Lakmin Wickremasinghe, Ngoc Khanh Vu, Zekeriya Uysal, Christian Weber, Andrew Mark Wharton, Alberto Valero, Björn Wendland, Muhammad Usman, Gitanjali Poddar, Man Yuan, Gustavs V. Kehris, Tianyi Yang, Petr Baroň, Bruna Pascual-Dias, Zhiqing Philippe Zhang, Rui Zhang, Antonio Jesus Gomez Delegido, Damir Duvnjak, Abraham Tishelman-Charny, Artur Semushin, Kyle Cranmer, David Charlton, Martine Bosman, Stephanie A. Majewski, Farid Ould-Saada, Jon Butterworth, Jianming Qian, Guillaume Unal, Michele Weber, Vladimir Cindro, Andrej Gorišek, Borut Paul Kerševan, Wendy Taylor, Koji Sato, Gianluca Introzzi, Roman Lysak, Evelyn Thomson, Koji Terashi, Elisabetta Pianori, Masahiro Morii, Jahred A. Adelman, Carlo Dallapiccola, Aidan Robson, Bjarne Stugu, Federico Sforza, Kohei Yorita, Chris P. Hays, Sahal Yacoob, Aurelio Juste, Andrew Haas, Nadezda Proklova, Anjishnu Bandyopadhyay, Tigran Mkrtchyan, Jonas Strandberg, Harold Evans, Frank Filthaut, Marc Escalier, Sergey Burdin, Elizaveta Shabalina, Leonid L. Kurchaninov, Werner Wiedenmann, Lorenzo Feligioni, Claire Gwenlan, Francois Corriveau, Leszek Adamczyk, Kazunori Hanagaki, Markus Cristinziani, Walter Howard Hopkins, Vojtěch Pleskot, Ahmed Bassalat, Matthias Saimpert, Elizabeth Brost, Alexey Ezhilov, Cristiano Alpigiani, Matthias Danninger, Christian Gutschow, Hong-Tao Yang, Chaowaroj Wanotayaroj, James Keaveney, Peter Berta, Stefano Terzo, Torre Wenaus, Lidia Dell'Asta, Christine Kourkoumelis, Darren Price, Nenad Vranjes, Anna Kaczmarska, Hucheng Chen, Andrea Dell’Acqua, Kun Liu, Fang-Ying Tsai, Yan-Lin Liu, Stewart Martin-Haugh, Liaoshan Shi, Maximiliano Sioli, Baptiste Ravina, Giacomo Artoni, Ondřej Penc, Nello Bruscino, Francesco Giuli, Evgenii Baldin, Rosa Simoniello, Giada Mancini, Christian Scharf, Benedikt Vormwald, Sophie Trincaz-Duvoid, Henri Bachacou, Melissa Ridel, Hartmut Sadrozinski, Valentina Tudorache, Amanda M. Cooper-Sarkar, Andrew Blue, Mogens Dam, Peter Kodyš, Andrea Ventura, Paolo Gauzzi, Claire Antel, Marco Rimoldi, Marzieh Bahmani, Domizia Orestano, Alexandra Tudorache, Tatyana Kharlamova, Margherita Primavera, Dirk Sammel, Driss Benchekroun, Petr Balek, Tristan Beau, Craig Sawyer, James W. Walder, Robert Les, Alessandra Betti, Mateusz Dyndał, Carlos Lacasta, Spyridon Argyropoulos, Lailin Xu, Michal Svatos, Guenter Duckeck, Iacopo Vivarelli, Carlos Escobar, Louis D'Eramo, Farès Djama, Yoram Rozen, Krzysztof Korcyl, Jana Schaarschmidt, Luc Goossens, Alexey Zhemchugov, Mattias Ellert, Dimitrios Iliadis, Thomas Koffas, Andrea Knue, Christian Weiser, Mario Lassnig, Ilija Vukotic, Matteo Franchini, Xiangyang Ju, Giuseppe Avolio, Émilien Chapon, Soumya Mohapatra, Minghui Liu, Lydia Roos, Gideon Bella, Thorsten Wengler, Ewelina Maria Łobodzińska, Muhammad Alhroob, Simone Monzani, Vasiliki A. Mitsou, Fridolin Dittus, William A. Leight, Sergey Y. Smirnov, Tamar Djobava, Nicolas Morange, Jean-François Arguin, David P. C. Sankey, Trisha Farooque, Jörn Große-Knetter, Peter U. E. Onyisi, Umberto De Sanctis, Jean-François Grivaz, Roberto Iuppa, Cristobal Padilla, Lee Sawyer, Vitaliano Chiarella, Evelina V. Bouhova-Thacker, Peter Van Gemmeren, Stephen J. Hillier, Monika Wielers, Markus Elsing, Klaus Mönig, Jiří Chudoba, Anna Lipniacka, Frederick Luehring, Valentina Maria Martina Cairo, Daniela Bortoletto, Stephen L. Lloyd, Julie Kirk, Stefan Schmitt, Manuella G. Vincter, Mark J. Oreglia, Stanislav Němeček, S.N. Karpov, Yuri Kulchitsky, Ivan Sykora, Murrough P. J. Landon, Philip P. Allport, Elisabetta L. Barberio, Shawn Mckee, John T. M. Baines, Kendall Reeves, Torsten Paul Åkesson, Antoine Marzin, Frédéric Déliot, Marcello Bindi, Heather M. Gray, Jan Kretzschmar, Emmanuel Sauvan, Marjorie D. Shapiro, David I. Britton, Takanori Kono, Tibor Ženiš, Zuzana‏ Rúriková, Caterina Doglioni, Alaettin Serhan Mete, Armin M. Nairz, Gabriele D'Amen, Andrea Coccaro, Andy Buckley, Carl B. Gwilliam, Michel Lefebvre, Alexey V. Anisenkov, Krzysztof M. Cieśla, Javier Sánchez, Andre Sopczak, Paul Jackson, Edward J. W. Moyse, Roberto Di Nardo, Andrey E. Kiryunin, Robert A. McPherson, Michel C. Vetterli, Andrei A. Snesarev, Pierre-Antoine Delsart, Bruce D. Yabsley, Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon, Riccardo Vari, Christian C. Ohm, Scott Snyder, Bartosz S. Dziedzic, Nick Ellis, Roger W. L. Jones, Viktor Petrovich Maleev, Jiří Kroll, Craig Wiglesworth, Martin John White, María Teresa Dova, Joaquín Hoya, Salah-Eddine Dahbi, Francisco Alonso, Guennadi Borissov, Marco Cristoforetti, Yanjun Tu, Santiago González de la Hoz, Luca Cadamuro, Oleg Brandt, Christophe P. A. 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Junggeburth, Marco Valente, Jonathan David Long, Allan Geoffrey Clark, Babar Ali, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Alan James Barr, Adrian John Bevan, Matteo Mario Beretta, Martin S. Barisits, Alessandro Cerri, Olivier Arnaez, Alessandra Camplani, Iurii Naryshkin, Luis Roberto Flores Castillo, Stefania Xella, Sergio Gonzalez-Sevilla, Ming-Chung Chu, Vakhtang Kartvelishvili, Sau Lan Wu, Jose Guillermo Panduro Vazquez, Andrea Gabrielli, Anthony Doyle, Junpei Maeda, Christopher Gorham Lester, Ivo van Vulpen, Jean-Baptiste de Vivie, José Enrique García Navarro, Héctor de la Torre Pérez, Marija Vranješ Milosavljević, David Rousseau, Dag Toppe Larsen, Priscilla Pani, Vincent Alexander Croft, Elisabeth Schopf, James A. Mueller, Antonio Onofre, Norbert Wermes, Christina Jane Potter, Francesco Ragusa, Noam Tal Hod, Rachik Soualah, Salah Nasri, Tommaso Lari, Joleen Pater, Hassane Hamdaoui, Anna Sfyrla, Knut Zoch, Erez Etzion, Michael Hance, Mariusz Przybycień, Christine Mclean, Michael Dührssen-Debling, Jiří Kvita, Joseph Glenn Biddle Haley, Romain Madar, Anna Goussiou, Bertrand Martin dit Latour, Yu. Volkotrub, Matthias Vigl, Shudong Wang, Yi Yu, Riccardo Zanzottera, Zhuolin Zhang, Yangfan Zhang, Michelle Contreras Cossio, Beltran Fernandez Barbadillo, Christian Schmitt, Reisaburō Tanaka, Davide Costanzo, Huanguo Li, Zef Wolffs, Artem Amirkhanov, Marawan Barakat, I.A. Ramirez-Berend, A. Alvarez Fernandez, A.D. Auriol, James Beacham, Prajita Bhattarai, Stanislav Biryukov, Gianluca Bianco, Leo Boudet, Greta Brianti, Oleksandr Burlayenko, Ali Can Canbay, Joseph Carmignani, Enzo Canonero, Sofia Cella, Vilius Cepaitis, Yimin Che, P. Collado Soto, Davide Cremonini, S.J. Das, J. Debevc, M.A. Draguet, Ioannis Drivas-Koulouris, P.A. Ekman, S. El Farkh, D. Ernani Martins Neto, L.F. Falda Ulhoa Coelho, L.S. Evans, Sanae Ezzarqtouni, Petr Fiedler, Alexander Froch, A.G. Garcia Caffaro, Jack M. Gargan, A.K. Gilbert, M.V. Gonzalez Rodrigues, S.S. Gurdasani, A.I. Hagan, Mourad Hidaoui, Matthew C. Hoppesch, Yan Huang, James Philip Iddon, Wonho Jang, Pratik Jawahar, Paul Jones, Thomas Junkermann, H.L. Joos, Yahya A.R. Khwaira, Simon Florian Koch, Pantelis Kontaxakis, Xinyan Liu, Gianna Loeschcke Centeno, Adam Lux, Daniela Mascione, Juliette Martin, Luke McElhinney, Marin Mlinarević, Alessandro Montella, Yftach Moyal, Onesimo Mtintsilana, David Muñoz Pérez, Laura Nasella, Serafima Nechaeva, Jan-Eric Nitschke, N. Nitika, E.K. Nkadimeng, T. Pan, L. Panwar, K.M. Piper, Antti Pirttikoski, P.A. Potepa, Aleksandra Poreba, Lorenzo Primomo, Dong Qichen, Ryan P. Quinn, Fabiola Raffaeli, Angira Rastogi, A.L. Rescia, J.O. Rieger, A. Rubio Jimenez, Victor Hugo Ruelas Rivera, B.T. Saifuddin, Andrej Saibel, A. Sala, M.A. Schmidt, Igor Slazyk, Daniel Suchý, Y. Tian, Reagan Thornberry, Tulgaa Turtuvshin, Ejiro N. Umaka, Pavel Váňa, Yiming Abulaiti, Bobby Samir Acharya, Anke Ackermann, Claire Adam Bourdarios, Sagar V. Addepalli, Matthew Addison, Aytül Adıgüzel, Yoav Afik, Merve Nazlım Ağaras, Anamika Aggarwal, Catalin Agheorghiesei, Sudha Ahuja, Xiao-Cong Ai, Giulio Aielli, Arya Aikot, Malak Ait Tamlihat, Brahim Aitbenchikh, Melike Akbiyik, Andrei V. Akimov, Daiya Akiyama, Nilima Nilesh Akolkar, Sina Aktaş, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Pietro Albicocco, Guillaume Albouy, Zackary Alegria, Martin Aleksa, Igor N. Aleksandrov, Theodoros Alexopoulos, Fabrizio Alfonsi, Malte Algren, Hanadi Mohammed Jamoom Ali, Samuel Alibocus, Malik Aliev, Wael Alkakhi, Corentin Allaire, Benedict Marc Miller Allbrooke, Jonathan Allen, Alberto Aloisio, Zainab M.K. Alsolami, M. Alves Cardoso, Maria Grazia Alviggi, Mohamed Aly, Yara do Amaral Coutinho, Alessandro Ambler, Maximilian Amerl, Christoph Ames, Dante E. Amidei, Baktash Amini, Kyle Amirie, Susana Amor Santos, Kieran Robert Amos, Dimitra Amperiadou, Christos Anastopoulos, Timothy R. Andeen, John Kenneth Anders, Adam C. Anderson, Attilio Andreazza, Stylianos Angelidakis, Alberto Annovi, Egor Antipov, Mario Antonelli, Fabio Anulli, T. Aoki, Marco A. Aparo, Ludovica Aperio Bella, Christian Appelt, Aram Apyan, S.J. Arbiol Val, Chiara Arcangeletti, Ayana Tamu Holloway Arce, Hannah Ruth Arnold, Haruka Asada, Kanae Asai, Shoji Asai, Nedaa Alexandra Asbah, R.A. Ashby Pickering, Julia Frances Allen, Thiziri Amezza, Sitong An, Siranush Asatryan, Valerio Ippolito, Falk Bartels, Katie Walkingshaw Pass

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